09b Smell (also involved with taste): Cranial Nerve I, Olfactory Nerve Fills Special Visceral Afferent (SVA) function See pp. 370-372 in book.

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09b Smell (also involved with taste): Cranial Nerve I, Olfactory Nerve Fills Special Visceral Afferent (SVA) function See pp. 370-372 in book

CN1 passes through cribiform plate of ethmoid bone SVA sensory cells of CN1 olfactory neurons (1st order neurons), in olfactory epithelium, transduce odor molecules

Cranial nerve I (olfactory) Look at how short the 1st order sensory neuron is! (bipolar cells) 1st order sensory neuron = Cranial Nerve I Receptor in olfactory epithelium Cell bodies in olfactory epithelium (PNS) Axons travel through cribiform plate of ethmoid bone Synapse to second order neuron in olfactory bulb (CNS) Cell bodies of second order neuron in olfactory bulb (CNS) Axons of second order neuron travel ipsilaterally through olfactory tract to olfactory cortices

Primary and secondary cortical olfactory areas, and their relationship to limbic system

Note facts about smell pathways No involvement of spinal cord, brainstem or thalamus. Olfactory bulb part of limbic system, which is associated with memory and emotion. (Remember the limbic gyrus / cingulate gyrus?) Cortical smell centers strongly linked to : Hippocampus (associative learning/memory) Amygdala (which processes emotion/mood) In your experience, smells (a certain perfume, chlorine, pumpkin bread…..) that are linked to: memories of event, person, moment general mood (such as contentment) Many associated with childhood memories, b/c that’s when we first experience most smells

Relationship to other parts of cranial nerve system Related in function to taste, which is handled by other cranial nerves (which we’ll study later) VII (facial) IX (glossopharyngeal)

Clinical applications: Eating, emotion, memory When first order neurons are damaged, first symptom is phantosmia (phantom smells; due to uncinate fits) followed by anosmia (no sense of smell). First-order neuron damage may result from certain inhalants, TBI (sheering) and associated skull fracture Clinical pattern: Don’t eat enough  Eat too much Loss of smell acuity, common in normal aging, decreases appetite… (hyposmia) Phantosmia associated 2nd-order neuron damage, or disorder in limbic system (e.g. tumor, schizophrenia) Role in stimulation of low-level TBI (alertness via thalamus; memory via hippocampus). However, bad smells in hospital or nursing home may also worsen agitation in TBI and dementia! Activation of memories /discussion, e.g., with people who have dementia, as long as sensory cells have not degenerated

“…a person who loses…sense of smell, is thrown into an emotional crisis…more crippling…more threatening than the loss of a leg…even sudden blindness is less traumatic…anosmia always leads to depression and sometimes to suicide….. …associated with its close proximity to the limbic (emotional and memory) system” (p. 67)