z Presented by: Patrick Mukiza

OVERVIEW o Introduction o X-Rays: Wave Nature of light o Medical Applications o Socio-Economic Benefits of X-Rays o Adverse Effects of X-Rays REFERENCES

X - Rays Wave Nature of Light X-Rays: A form of electromagnetic radiation, similar to light but of shorter wavelength and capable of penetrating solids. Such radiation having wavelengths in the range of approximately 0.1–10 nm. X-Ray range

Introduction  X-Ray was first invented by Conrad Röntgen, German physicist in  1896, On January 23, Roentgen delivers his first lecture about the X rays. There some many applications of X-Rays in Medical Fields:  Radiographs  Computed tomography  Fluoroscopy  Radiotherapy Other Use of X-Rays:  Airport Security  X-ray microscopic  Border control  Industrial radiography  X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

X - Rays Wave Nature of Light The classical X-ray tube requires:  Cathode (electron source) )  Anode (acceleration potential) )  Glass/metal envelope (vacuum tube )

X - Rays Wave Nature of Light Cathode (electron source ) The cathode consists of :  A spiral of heated low resistance R tungsten wire (filament) for electron emission. Wire is heated by filament current I = U / R. ( U  10 V, I  3-6 A )  The anode is the target electrode and is maintained at a positive potential difference with respect to the cathode. Electrons are therefore accelerated towards the anode..  0.5% of the electron energy is converted into X-rays.

Medical Applications of X - Rays Radiography Radiography is an imaging technique that uses electromagnetic radiation other than visible light.  It used to view the internal structure of a non-uniformly composed and opaque objects. For example a non transparent objects such as human body.

brain Medical Applications of X - Rays Computed tomography (CT Scanning)  Computed tomography (CT scanning) is a medical imaging modality where tomographic images or slices of specific areas of the body are obtained from a large series of two- dimensional X-ray images taken in different directions. heart abdomen

Medical Applications of X - Rays Fluoroscopy Fluoroscopy is an imaging technique that uses X-rays to obtain real- time moving images of the interior of an object.

Soci - economic advantages of x - ray  X-rays are used to treat malign tumors before its spreads throughout the human body.  They help radiologists identify cracks, infections, injury, and abnormal bones.  They also help in identifying bone cancer.  X-rays help in locating alien objects inside the bones or around them.

Adverse effects of x - ray  X-rays makes our blood cells to have higher level of hydrogen peroxide which could cause cell damage.  A higher risk of getting cancer from X-rays.  The X-rays are able to change the base of the DNA causing a mutation.  Also, X-rays still not highly recommended for pregnant women because it increases the cancer ricks for children.

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REFERENCES

Questions 1. Who first discovered X-ray? i.Anders Celsius ii.Galileo Galilei iii.Conrad Röntgen 2Why X-Rays is considered to be harmful to humans? i.It increases the risks of cancer ii.It is carcinogen iii.It can change the DNA base pairs resulting in mutations iv.All of the above 3 X-Ray is