Chapter 19 Guiding Questions The South and the West Transformed How did life in the South change politically, economically, and socially after the Civil War? What happened to Native Americans as whites settled the West? What were the experiences of farmers, cowboys, and miners in the West? How did mining affect the development of the West? How important was the concept of the frontier to the America’s political and diplomatic development?

In July 1868, Congress essentially ended the existence of the Freedmen's Bureau, a temporary federal agency established to provide basic relief to emancipated slaves. Cartoonist A. R. Waud honors its three years of service by portraying it as the necessary line of defense protecting black Southerners from their hostile white neighbors.

Thomas Nast August 5, 1865 Columbia's sympathetic gesture towards a wounded black soldier is a reply to a previous panel in which Southern landowners ask her forgiveness. Columbia asks, "Shall I Trust These Men, and Not This Man?" black soldier From:

March 23, 1867 In this commentary on President Andrew Johnson's veto of the military government bill, Nast portrays the scales of justice favoring the South and the Confederate Army. Andrew Johnson's

March 23, 1867 In this view of Southern justice, a Northerner and a black man are accused of murder and then lynched, while in another panel a Southern gentleman accused of murder is humorously chided by the court.

September 2, 1876 Recognizing the failure of Reconstruction, Nast asks, "Is This a Republican Form of Government? Is This Protecting Life, Liberty, or Property? Is This the Equal Protection of the Laws?"

"One Less Vote." The Fourteenth Amendment, granting black men the right to vote, was ratified in July Every black vote became a threat to white Southerners' political power. The stone reads, "Negroe Killed, Seymour Ratification, KKK."

September 5, 1868 "This Is a White Man's Government." Nast's view of the Democratic platform for the divisive presidential election of 1868 places the Democratic candidate in partnership with the poor Irish of the North and loyal Confederates of the South (and its Lost Cause) to keep black men from gaining access to government.

October 24, 1874 The organized violence of the Ku Klux Klan and the White League made life "worse than slavery" for Southern blacks.

January 24, 1863 Emancipation of Negroes, The Past and the Future. Nast gives higher purpose to the horror of war in his multi-part depiction of the past lives of African Americans and the future Emancipation could bring them. Centered around a picture of a happy black family at a hearth, the image depicts slaves' miserable past in scenes of auctions and physical abuse -- and a view of a future as equals to their former masters. This cartoon was published just a few weeks after President Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation.

“The Man with the (Carpet) Bags”; cartoon by Thomas Nast, 1872, depicting the Southern attitude toward Northerners during Reconstruction Credit: The Granger Collection, New York