Elements and Compounds in their solid form make up…

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Presentation transcript:

Elements and Compounds in their solid form make up…

What is a Mineral?

A MINERAL is a naturally occurring, inorganic, solid, with a definite chemical composition, and a crystalline structure.

That means that… It can’t be organic in origin It can’t be a liquid You could write a chemical formula for it It has to have a crystal structure

How many different minerals are there on Earth??? Answer:About 4,000

Only 30 of the 4,000 known minerals are common. These 30 minerals are known as the rock-forming minerals

More than 90% of all of the minerals in the Earth’s Crust are made up of compounds containing Silicon and Oxygen, the two most abundant elements on Earth. Silicates

Rocks that have a high percentage of Silicates are light in color, and are called Felsic rocks. Granite

Rocks that have a low percentage of Silicates are dark in color, and are called Mafic rocks. Basalt

How do Minerals Form??? 1. Minerals form in cooling magma chambers IGNEOUS

Different types of minerals crystallize at different temperatures Decreasing temperature Bowen’s Reaction Series

Olivine MINERAL!

Pyroxene MINERAL!

Peridotite- Mostly Olivine ROCK!!!

Gabbro- Pyroxene and Olivine ROCK!!!

MINERAL!

Andesite- Hornblend and Biotite? and Plagioclase Feldspar ROCK!!!

Potassium Feldspar MINERAL!

Quartz MINERAL!

Pink Granite ROCK!!!

Mineral Fractionalization in a Magma Chamber

Metamorphic Minerals 2. Metamorphic Minerals: Some minerals occur as the result of Recrystallization and Reaction within existing rocks which produces new minerals in response to changes in and How do Minerals Form???

3. Some types of minerals form as water containing dissolved minerals slowly evaporates. Salt deposits How do Minerals Form??? SEDIMENTARY

Minerals are identified and classified by visual inspection, and by performing simple tests to determine their physical properties

Minerals are most often identified by inspecting their Physical and Chemical properties.

Color is the most easily observed, but least reliable property of a mineral for identification. This is because the color of many minerals varies with the kind of impurities in the mineral.

Luster Luster is the way in which a mineral reflects light. Metallic Nonmetallic shiny, glassy, dull, earthy, vitreous, brilliant, waxy, pearly

Streak is the color of the powder left on a streak plate when a mineral is rubbed on it. Streak is much more reliable than color because, although the color of a mineral changes, its streak does not.

Cleavage is the tendency of a mineral to split in a particular direction.

“Sheety” Cleavage

Feldspars always cleave readily at or near right angles.

Fracture is the tendency of a mineral to break in directions other than along crystal faces or cleavage surfaces.

Fracture Conchoidal Fibrous Irregular ObsidianAsbestos Quartz

Conchoidal or shell-like fracture Fibrous facture

The orderly arrangement of ions, molecules, or atoms, in any mineral determines the shape of its crystals.

Hardness is the resistance of a mineral to being scratched. (Harness and strength are NOT the same thing! Diamonds are hard, but not strong!)

Moh’s Mneumonic Three Groovy Cats Found A Ferret Quietly Toasting Cheese Dinners.

Specific Gravity The ratio of the density of a min’l to the density of pure water: “heft test”  Pure water: 1.0  Pyrite: 5.0  Most metals > non-metals

Special Properties Smell: Sulfur Light refraction: Ulexite Magnetic: Magnetite Taste: Halite Chem. rxn w/ HCl: Calcite

More Special Properties Asterism: Chatoyancy: silky look