The inevitable journey to being by Michael J. Russell, Wolfgang Nitschke, and Elbert Branscomb Philosophical Transactions B Volume 368(1622):20120254 July.

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The inevitable journey to being by Michael J. Russell, Wolfgang Nitschke, and Elbert Branscomb Philosophical Transactions B Volume 368(1622): July 19, 2013 ©2013 by The Royal Society

The oxidation state of the upper mantle 100 Myr after its formation was controlled by the quartz/magnetite/fayalite buffer (QFM = SiO2/FeII2SiO4/FeIIFeIII2O4) [3,40,42]. Michael J. Russell et al. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 2013;368: ©2013 by The Royal Society

Diagram to show how a mantle convection engine continually provided new and reactive ocean floor in the Hadean as well as oxidized volatiles to feed the hydrosphere and atmosphere [24,27]. Michael J. Russell et al. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 2013;368: ©2013 by The Royal Society

The final cascade of engines leading to the emergence of life. Michael J. Russell et al. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 2013;368: ©2013 by The Royal Society

Diagram to show how the entropic output from serpentinization fuels an emergent metabolic engine within the concomitantly precipitated alkaline hydrothermal mound with methane and hydrogen, augmented by pyrophosphate condensation driven by the ambient proto... Michael J. Russell et al. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 2013;368: ©2013 by The Royal Society

Speculative physical model of a putative green rust (fougerite H+-pyrophosphatase) [cf. 117– 119], based on the generation within the mineral interlayers of redox polaron ‘quasi-particles’— manifest as localized channel dilations—that can propagate in a direc... Michael J. Russell et al. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 2013;368: ©2013 by The Royal Society