Triple Entente  France  Britain  Russia  Became known as the Allies

Triple Alliance  Germany  Austria-Hungary  Italy  Ottoman Empire  Became known as the Central Powers

 What event actually started the fighting in World War I?  1914 assassination of Archduke Ferdinand in Sarajevo.

 What was Germany’s Schlieffen Plan?  Germany’s strategy to win WWI.

Hold Russia back Invade Belgium Defeat France Combine German armies to defeat Russia

Europe 1914

 What type of warfare was used in WWI?  Trench warfare  What was the land between the trenches called?  No man’s land

Western Front

 What was America’s position at the beginning of the war?  Neutral`

 What factors increased American sympathy for the Allies?  Feeling of common ancestry with Britain  Germany’s aggressiveness in Belgium  Propaganda  Trade with the Allies

 WWI video  “The Western Front”

Why did America enter WWI?  Sinking of Lusitania  Sinking of the British liner, Arabic. Germany promised not to do it again.  Germany torpedoed French passenger ship, Sussex. Germany promised not to do it again if Britain would lift the blockade.  Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare.

 Zimmerman Note- trying to ally Germany and Mexico against the U.S.  Sinking of unarmed American merchant ships  Russia became a representative government making the Allies all democratic governments.  April America declared war.

 Read Zimmerman Note and answer the 3 questions.

How did America prepare for War?  Military:  Congress passed the Selective Service Act in May 1917 to help raise an army.  400,000 were African American  20% were immigrants.  U.S. sent 2,000,000 troops to the front.  General John J. Pershing commanded the American Expeditionary Forces.

 Mobilizing for War:  The economy had to change for war production, and Wilson had power to fix prices and regulate some industries.  War Industries Board allocated raw materials and encouraged mass production for efficiency. It was headed by Bernard Baruch.

 Railroad Administration regulated railroads.  Fuel Administration rationed coal, gas, and heating oil.  Food Administration was headed by Herbert Hoover, and its purpose was to conserve food.

How did the U.S. pay for the war?  1/3 was paid by taxes- income taxes and taxes on goods  Selling Liberty Bonds  The government used propaganda to gain support for the war. The committee on Public Information was headed by George Creel.

 Types of Propaganda:  Posters  Victory Gardens  Bond drives  Pamphlets  Booklets

Victory Garden

Consequences of Propaganda in the U.S.  How did propaganda cause fear and trouble in the U.S.?  It caused war hysteria especially directed towards German immigrants.  Lynching, tar and feather, books pulled from library shelves, German names changed, German no longer taught in schools

 Espionage and Sedition Acts: 1917 and 1918  A person could be fined and imprisoned for interfering with the war effort.  Could not say anything that would show disloyalty to the government during the war.  Violated the 1 st Amendment

 Who was the target of the Espionage and Sedition Acts?  Labor leaders and socialists

 How did the war affect African Americans?  Racial factors in the South and the boll weevil infestation of cotton crops caused many African Americans to move north for better job opportunities.  Great Migration

 How did the war affect women?  Women filled jobs vacated by men at war.  They also worked as volunteers during the war.  Women’s service during the war gave them public support for the suffrage movement and helped to pass the 19 th Amendment.

 How did the flu epidemic affect the United States?  It affected the economy with worker shortages and closures.  It killed an estimated 500,000 Americans.

End of World War I Nov 3, 1918 Austria- Hungary surrendered Nov 9, 1918 Kaiser Wilhelm gave up the throne Nov 11, 1918 Germany signed the armistice

Wilson’s 14 Points  Key issues:  Tariffs  Imperialism  Boundary changes to allow ethnic groups to form their own countries  League of nations- Forum for nations

Treaty of Versailles  Ended WWI  Established 9 new nations  Germany could not maintain an army  Germany had to admit guilt and pay reparations  Returned Alsace-Lorraine region to France

Flaws of treaty  Humiliated Germany with the war-guilt clause and reparations  Stripped Germany of Pacific colonies so that they had no money to pay reparations  Russia lost territory  Ignored the colonies and their governments.

Treaty Opposition  Herbert Hoover- said the terms were too harsh.  Henry Cabot Lodge- wanted the right of Congress to declare war included in the treaty.  American Isolationism

Legacy of War:  “Return to Normalcy” in the U.S.  Strengthened the U.S. military  Social changes for African Americans and women  Return of Nativism  Massive European destruction  9 new European countries formed