Modern World Chapter 9 High Middle Ages

Monarchs, Nobles and the Church Power Power Support Support Justice Systems Justice Systems –Taxes –Courts –Laws Church Church –Taxes –Courts –Laws

Strong Monarchs in England Invaders Invaders –Angles –Saxons –Vikings King Edward-1066 King Edward-1066 Harold Harold –Brother in law Duke William of Normandy Duke William of Normandy –Viking Descendant King Edward the Confessor

Norman Conquest December 25, 1066 December 25, 1066 William the Conqueror William the Conqueror –Pope Battle of Hastings Battle of Hastings Last successful invasion of England Last successful invasion of England French French Anglo-Saxon Heritage Survives Anglo-Saxon Heritage Survives

William’s Growth of Power Tight leash Tight leash Fiefs Granted but Kept lots of Land Fiefs Granted but Kept lots of Land Oath of Allegiance Oath of Allegiance Census Census –Domesday Book Taxes Taxes –Royal Exchequer

Conflict with the Church Henry II Henry II –Trials of Clergy Thomas Becket Thomas Becket –Archbishop of Canterbury Knights Knights Becket Killed Becket Killed Henry II Denies Involvement Henry II Denies Involvement Becket a Martyr Becket a Martyr

King John Son of Henry II Son of Henry II Three Enemies Three Enemies –King Phillip II King of France –Pope Innocent III –English Nobles War with France War with France –Anjou and Normandy Selection of Archbishop of Canterbury Selection of Archbishop of Canterbury –Interdict –Fief of Papacy

Trouble with Nobles Magna Carta Magna Carta –Forced to sign –June 15, 1215 –Great Charter –Long List of Feudal Rights –Protection against illegal search and seizure –Great Council of Nobles –Only Nobles Have Rights –Later all people

Development of Parliament Great Council Great Council –Magna Carta Power Fluctuated Power Fluctuated Money Money Commons Commons –House of Commons Nobles and Clergy Nobles and Clergy –House of Lords

France: The Capetians Hugh Capet-987 Hugh Capet-987 –Count of Paris  Weak-No threat Family Increases Power Family Increases Power Hereditary Hereditary 300 years 300 years Church Church Efficient Bureaucracy Efficient Bureaucracy

Phillip Augustus Phillip II Phillip II Strengthened Royal Power Strengthened Royal Power Middle Class Professionals made government officials Middle Class Professionals made government officials National Tax National Tax Standing Army Standing Army Increased Land holdings Increased Land holdings Most Powerful leader in Europe before his death in 1223 Most Powerful leader in Europe before his death in 1223

Louis IX King and Saint 1226 becomes king 1226 becomes king Kind, generous, respectful Kind, generous, respectful Made a Saint 30 years after death Made a Saint 30 years after death Persecuted Heretics and Jews Persecuted Heretics and Jews Fought two wars against the Muslims Fought two wars against the Muslims Sent out roving officials and expanded Justice system Sent out roving officials and expanded Justice system Made France a centralized monarchy Made France a centralized monarchy

Phillip IV Grandson of Louis IX Grandson of Louis IX Collected more taxes from Clergy Collected more taxes from Clergy –Upset Pope Boniface VIII Pope forbade taxes on clergy w/o papal consent Pope forbade taxes on clergy w/o papal consent Phillip said he would arrest those who would not pay Phillip said he would arrest those who would not pay Phillip sent troops to seize Boniface Phillip sent troops to seize Boniface Boniface escaped but would die later Boniface escaped but would die later Shortly after a Frenchman was elected Pope and the papal court was moved to Avignon, France Shortly after a Frenchman was elected Pope and the papal court was moved to Avignon, France

Estates General Phillip IV set up Phillip IV set up –Rally against Boniface Meeting of all three Estates or classes Meeting of all three Estates or classes –Clergy –Nobles –Townspeople

The Holy Roman Empire Dukes of Saxony Dukes of Saxony 936-Duke Otto I of Saxony 936-Duke Otto I of Saxony –1 st King of Germany Worked with Church Worked with Church Took an army to defend Pope Took an army to defend Pope 962 crowned emperor by pope 962 crowned emperor by pope –Successors would call themselves Holy Roman Emperors Claimed Power over much of eastern and western Europe Claimed Power over much of eastern and western Europe Emperor’s Vassals Emperor’s Vassals Appointment of Church Officials Appointment of Church Officials

Pope Gregory VII Neutral and Admired Neutral and Admired Hated by enemies Hated by enemies Wanted to rid church of secular rulers Wanted to rid church of secular rulers Lay investiture Lay investiture –Ring and Staff

Emperor Henry IV Angry about ban of lay investiture Angry about ban of lay investiture Land=Allegiance Land=Allegiance Nobles side with pope Nobles side with pope Excommunicated Excommunicated Subjects freed from emperor Subjects freed from emperor Repents Repents Goes back to Germany to put down Nobles Goes back to Germany to put down Nobles Later would lead an army into Rome and force the Pope into exile Later would lead an army into Rome and force the Pope into exile

Concordant of Worms 1122 treaty 1122 treaty Ended struggle over lay investiture Ended struggle over lay investiture Pope Pope –Invest spiritual authority Emperor Emperor –Invest them with fiefs

Italy: Frederick Barbarossa Emperor Frederick I Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa “red beard” Barbarossa “red beard” Wanted Empire Wanted Empire Northern Italy Northern Italy –Joined with pope  Lombard League  Defeats Barbarossa Marriage b/w son Henry and Constance heir to Sicily Marriage b/w son Henry and Constance heir to Sicily

Frederick II Child of Henry and Constance Child of Henry and Constance German Nobles more Independent German Nobles more Independent Most of time spent in Italy Most of time spent in Italy Clashed with Popes over Northern cities Clashed with Popes over Northern cities

Effects on Germany and Italy Frederick II in Italy Frederick II in Italy German Nobles more independent German Nobles more independent Holy Roman Empire Survives-but becomes fragmented Holy Roman Empire Survives-but becomes fragmented Germany remains disunited for 600 years Germany remains disunited for 600 years

Height of Church Power Pope Innocent III-1198 Pope Innocent III-1198 –Supremacy Excommunication of John Excommunication of John Phillip II – Excommunication and Interdict Phillip II – Excommunication and Interdict Crusade against Albigensians Crusade against Albigensians –Phillip II

World of 1050 Thriving world Thriving world Byzantines Byzantines China China India India Islamic Islamic Mayans Mayans Seljuk Turks Seljuk Turks –Byzantine –Holy Lands –Palestine

The Crusades Byzantine Emperor Alexius I Byzantine Emperor Alexius I –Pope Urban II –Turks Council Of Clermont Council Of Clermont Muslims had violently Invaded their land Muslims had violently Invaded their land

Motives God wills it God wills it Thousands of Knights Thousands of Knights Religious Zeal Religious Zeal Wealth Wealth Urban II Urban II Heal the Schism Heal the Schism

Victories and Defeats 200 years 200 years 1 st Crusade 1 st Crusade –Jerusalem-1099 –4 Smaller States 1187 Muslims take back Jerusalem 1187 Muslims take back Jerusalem –Salah al-Din or Saladin 3 rd Crusade 3 rd Crusade –Failed to take back Jerusalem –Pilgrimage N. Africa N. Africa 4 th Crusade 4 th Crusade –Fighting Christians –Acre  Last Christian Outpost

Effects of Crusade Economic expansion Economic expansion Increased power for Monarchs Increased power for Monarchs The Church The Church Wider Worldview Wider Worldview

Reconquista in Spain Christian Advances Christian Advances City of Toldeo City of Toldeo 1300 Spain back in control 1300 Spain back in control Muslim Influence Muslim Influence Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile –Unified State –Persecution of Jews and Muslims

Life in High Middle Ages Medieval Universities Medieval Universities –Academic guilds  Salerno and Bologna- Italy  Paris and Oxford –Student Life  Prayer  Class  Lunch and Diner  Route Memorization  Liberal Arts

Europeans acquire new learning Roman and Greek Roman and Greek Translations Translations Philosophy Philosophy –Aristotle –Scholasticism  Thomas Aquinas Science and Math Science and Math –Hindu-Arabic Numbers Medieval Literature Medieval Literature –Vernacular

Architecture and Art Romanesque Romanesque Gothic Gothic –Flying Buttress Art in Stone and Glass Art in Stone and Glass Illuminated Manuscripts Illuminated Manuscripts

The Black Death Global Epidemic Global Epidemic Bubonic Plague Bubonic Plague Rats Rats Social Upheaval Social Upheaval Economic Effects Economic Effects Upheaval in church Upheaval in church

Divisions Within the Catholic Church Pope Clement V Pope Clement V –Avignon –Babylonian Captivity Pope in Rome Pope in Rome Council of Constance Council of Constance

New Heresies John Wycliffe John Wycliffe –Oxford Professor –Attacked Corruption –Bible John Hus John Hus –Bohemia  Czech Republic –Burned at the stake

Hundred Years’ War Causes Causes English Victory English Victory –Crecy –Poitiers  Long Bow Joan of Arc and French Victory Joan of Arc and French Victory –Charles VII –Vision –Captured by English  Tried for Witchcraft –Martyr –French Cannon

Effects of the Hundred Years’ War England and France sent on different paths England and France sent on different paths England England –Money from Parliament  Power of the Purse France France –Monarchs gain more power Long bow and Cannon revolutionized war Long bow and Cannon revolutionized war