RNA, DNA, & Proteins Chapter 12 Review

Main enzyme involved in linking nucleotides into DNA molecules during replication DNA polymerase Another name for protein synthesis translation Sugar used to make DNA dexoyribose

Process of making a DNA copy replication Nitrogen base with 1 ring such as cytosine and thymine pyrimidine Organism whose cells have a nucleus eukaryote

Process in which the genetic code of DNA is copied into a strand of RNA transcription Three sequential nucleotides in an mRNA molecule that code for a specific amino acid codon Organism without a nucleus prokaryote

Nitrogen base with 2 rings like adenine and guanine Purine Subunit composed of a sugar, nitrogen base, and a phosphate group used to make DNA and RNA nucleotide Principle that hydrogen bonds can only form between certain nitrogen bases Base pairing

Coiled DNA and proteins that are spread out in the nucleus of non- dividing cells chromatin Group of three nucleotide bases on a t-RNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon anticodon

Tightly packed DNA and proteins that are “scrunched up” into rod-shaped bundles in dividing cells chromosomes Process of making proteins from an RNA message Translation (protein synthesis)

What is CHARGAFF’S RULE? A = T G = C Image from:

Type of RNA that carries DNA code from the nucleus out to the cytoplasm Messenger RNA Segment of DNA that codes for a protein gene Region of DNA where RNA polymerase binds to start transcription promoter

Bonds between nitrogen bases that hold the 2 DNA strands together Hydrogen bonds

Type of RNA that matches its anticodon and attaches the correct amino acid to the growing protein chain during protein synthesis Transfer RNA Structures found in the cytoplasm made of rRNA and proteins where protein synthesis happens Ribosomes

Type of RNA that combines with proteins to make ribosomes Ribosomal RNA Sugar found in RNA molecules ribose

Enzyme that binds to DNA, separates the strands, and assembles nucleotide subunits into an RNA molecule RNA polymerase

Macromolecule made by joining nucleotide subunits together Nucleic acid (DNA & RNA) Virus that infects bacteria bacteriophage Another name for a protein chain polypeptide

Macromolecule made by joining amino acid subunits together protein

Tell 2 ways DNA is different from RNA DNA RNA Double strandedSingle stranded Deoxyribose sugarRibose sugar A,T,C,GA,U,C,G No UracilNo thymine Contains genetic codeCarries code from Stays in nucleus nucleus to cytoplasm Helps with protein synthesis

Making a DNA copy= _____________ Using DNA code to make an RNA = ___________________ Using an RNA message to make a protein = _______________ replication translation transcription

DNA → DNA= _____________ DNA → RNA = ___________________ RNA → protein = _______________ replication translation transcription

A virus that infects bacteria is called a _______________ BACTERIOPHAGE

Name this subunit used to build nucleic acids like DNA & RNA If this was going to make RNA what sugar would be used? Which nitrogen base could NOT be used? Image by: Riedell NUCLEOTIDE ribose THYMINE

Name this subunit used to build nucleic acids like DNA & RNA If this was going to make DNA what sugar would be used? Which nitrogen base could NOT be used? Image by: Riedell NUCLEOTIDE deoxyribose URACIL

Tell what nitrogen base these letters stand for _____________= A _____________ = G _____________ = C ______________ = T ______________ = U ADENINE GUANINE CYTOSINE THYMINE URACIL

Image from: Which molecules make up the backbone (sides of ladder) in a DNA molecule? Sugar and phosphates

Purines A G Nitrogen bases with 2 rings are called ______________ © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved

Chromosome Supercoils Coils Nucleosome Histones DNA double helix © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved DNA that is condensed in the nucleus of dividing cells so it can be transported easily is called _______________ CHROMOSOMES

Pyrimidines C T Nitrogen bases with 1 ring are called ______________ © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved

Hydrogen Image from: _____________ bonds between nitrogen bases hold the two strands together.

© Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved How is the DNA in PROKARYOTES different from DNA in EUKARYOTES? PROKARYOTESEUKARYOTES Single chromosomeMany chromosomes Circular (loop)Rod-shaped bundles In cytoplasmin Nucleus (no nucleus)

Growth Replication fork DNA polymerase New strand Original strand DNA polymerase Nitrogenous bases Replication fork Original strand New strand The sites where strand separation and replication occur are called _____________ replication forks

Name the 3 kinds of RNA _________________RNA Combines with proteins to form ribosomes _________________RNA Matches m-RNA codon to add correct amino acids during protein synthesis _________________RNA carries code from DNA to ribosomes rRNA and t-RNA images from © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved mRNA image from RIBOSOMAL TRANSFER MESSENGER

Use the mRNA codon wheel to determine the amino acid being coded for: C C A =___________ C G U = __________ U U C = __________ G C A = __________ U A G = __________ proline arginine phenylalanine STOP alanine

_______________ are changes in the genetic material. MUTATIONS Mistakes in copying DNA Radiation Chemicals in environment Tell something that can cause mutations.

Mutations that produce changes in a single gene = ______________________ Mutations that produce changes in whole chromosomes = _____________________ KINDS OF MUTATIONS GENE MUTATIONS CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONS

Chromosome Supercoils Coils Nucleosome Histones DNA double helix © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved DNA that is spread out in the nucleus of non-dividing cells so the code can be read is called _______________ CHROMATIN

Mutations involving only one or a few nucleotides are called ________ mutations Explain why frameshift mutations at the beginning of a gene are more harmful than at the end. point Frameshifts cause everything after the mutation to shift and be misread so mutations at the beginning change more of the code.

Name this kind of mutation Changes one base for another A T T C G A G C T A T T C T A G C T → SUBSTITUTION

Tell the kind of mutation shown: deletion

Name the 3 kinds of RNA _________________RNA rRNA and t-RNA images from © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved mRNA image from RIBOSOMAL TRANSFER MESSENGER

Tell the kind of mutation shown: SUBSTITUTION A T T C G A G C T A T T C T A G C T →

Tell the kind of mutation shown: deletion

A= _________ B= _________ C= _________ D= ___________ F= _____________ G = __________________ Images modified from © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved NUCLEUS m-RNA amino acid ribosome t-RNA codon Amino acid

INSERTION Image from: Tell the kind of mutation shown:

Mutation that causes the reading frame to shift and be misread. FRAMESHIFT MUTATION Images modified from © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved

Tell the kind of mutation shown: Segment flips and reads backwards Image from: INVERSION

Tell the kind of mutation shown Segment breaks off and joins a different non- homologous chromosome Image from: TRANSLOCATION