Locomotion

Locomotion: The act or power of moving from place to place

Vocabulary  Motile =  Sessile =  Muscle contraction =  Exoskeleton =  Endoskeleton =  Pseudopods =  Cilia =  Flagella =  Setae = The ability to move from place to place Lacking the ability to move on their own or being stationary How muscles exert force, by shortening Skeleton on the outside of the body Skeleton on the inside of the body Temporary projection of the cell surface Short hair-like fibers on an organism the beat rhythmically Larger hair-like fibers, usually only 1 or 2 per cell Tiny bristles on the underside of the earthworm

Advantages for Locomotion It is easier to get food It is easier to get food It its easier to find shelter It its easier to find shelter An organism can move away from dangerous conditions or predators An organism can move away from dangerous conditions or predators It is easier to find mates and reproduce It is easier to find mates and reproduce

Locomotion in the Deep Sea gtj_JSlKXgY

Adaptations in Locomotion

Locomotion in Protists Amoeba Amoeba Paramecium Paramecium Euglena Euglena

Amoeba An organism moves when the cytoplasm moves into or out of the pseudopods An organism moves when the cytoplasm moves into or out of the pseudopods This movement is also seen in white blood cells This movement is also seen in white blood cells This movement is also known as amoeboid movement This movement is also known as amoeboid movement

To see an amoeba move…

Paramecium Paramecium move by cilia beating rhythmically Paramecium move by cilia beating rhythmically They move quicker than amoeba They move quicker than amoeba

To see a paramecium move…

Euglena Euglena moves by one long, thin structure called a flagella Euglena moves by one long, thin structure called a flagella Whip-like movements pull it through the water Whip-like movements pull it through the water

Locomotion in the Earthworm Outer and inner layers of muscles shorten and lengthen the body Outer and inner layers of muscles shorten and lengthen the body Setae hook the ground in order for the body to push and pull forward Setae hook the ground in order for the body to push and pull forward

To see an earthworm move…

Locomotion in the Grasshopper Exoskeleton divided into plates to allow movement Exoskeleton divided into plates to allow movement 3 pair of jointed legs 3 pair of jointed legs First 2 pair used for walking First 2 pair used for walking Powerful third pair used for jumping Powerful third pair used for jumping 2 pair of wings for flying 2 pair of wings for flying

To see a grasshopper move…

The Skeletal System

Bones and Cartilage Bones Are a type of connective tissue Are a type of connective tissue Act as an attachment for muscles Act as an attachment for muscles Give the body shape and support Give the body shape and support Protect the body’s organs Protect the body’s organs Serve as a storage area for minerals (calcium) Serve as a storage area for minerals (calcium) Produce red and white blood cells in the marrow (soft inside) Produce red and white blood cells in the marrow (soft inside) True red marrow produces red blood cells True red marrow produces red blood cells The periosteum is the tough layer of connective tissue that surrounds and protects the bone. The periosteum is the tough layer of connective tissue that surrounds and protects the bone. Two types of bone tissue Two types of bone tissue Spongy - light weight but adds strength to bone Spongy - light weight but adds strength to bone Compact – more dense and stores minerals (calcium) Compact – more dense and stores minerals (calcium)

Bones and Cartilage Cartilage Is a type of connective tissue that bends easily Is a type of connective tissue that bends easily Most of the skeleton of an embryo is cartilage Most of the skeleton of an embryo is cartilage In adults, it only remains in the joints, the ears, the nose and at the end of the ribs In adults, it only remains in the joints, the ears, the nose and at the end of the ribs Cushions the joints Cushions the joints

The Human Skeleton 206 bones 206 bones Two main parts Two main parts The axial skeleton The axial skeleton The appendicular skeleton The appendicular skeleton

The Axial Skeleton Made up of Cranium (skull) Cranium (skull) Vertebral column (backbone) Vertebral column (backbone) Sternum (breast bone) Sternum (breast bone) Rib cage Rib cage

The Appendicular Skeleton Pectoral girdle: Arm bones Arm bones Wrist and hand bones Wrist and hand bones Scapula (shoulder blades) Scapula (shoulder blades) Clavicles (collar bones) Clavicles (collar bones) Pelvic girdle: Pelvis Pelvis Leg bones Leg bones Ankle and foot bones Ankle and foot bones

Joints The place where bones meet is called a joint The place where bones meet is called a joint Some are immovable (i.e.. the skull) Some are immovable (i.e.. the skull) Most are moveable Most are moveable

Joints Moveable joints:  Hinge = elbow and knee  Ball-and-Socket = shoulder and hip  Pivot = base of the skull  Gliding joint = wrists

Ligaments Attaches bone to bone Attaches bone to bone

Tendons Attach muscles to bones Attach muscles to bones

Remember… Ligaments attach Tendons attach bone to bone muscles to bone

The Human Muscular System Muscles can exert force when they contract, or shorten. Muscles can exert force when they contract, or shorten. When they contract, they move the parts of the skeleton (bones) they are attached to. When they contract, they move the parts of the skeleton (bones) they are attached to.

The Human Muscular System There are three types of muscles:  Cardiac muscle (heart muscle)  Smooth muscle (muscles of the organs and blood vessels)  Skeletal muscles (muscles that move your skeleton bones)

Cardiac Muscle Muscle that makes up the heart Muscle that makes up the heart These muscles are involuntary These muscles are involuntary (you do not have conscious control over their contractions)

Smooth muscles Found in the walls of internal organs, in the walls of arteries, and the diaphragm Found in the walls of internal organs, in the walls of arteries, and the diaphragm These muscles are involuntary (you do not have conscious control over their contractions) These muscles are involuntary (you do not have conscious control over their contractions)

Skeletal muscles Voluntary muscles – you do have control of the movement Voluntary muscles – you do have control of the movement They are fastened to the bones of the skeleton They are fastened to the bones of the skeleton Muscle cells fuse together to form muscle fibers Muscle cells fuse together to form muscle fibers

Skeletal muscles Muscles are attached to the bones by tendons Muscles are attached to the bones by tendons

Skeletal muscles There is always a certain amount of tone in the skeletal muscles – even at rest. Skeletal muscles are in a state of readiness known as muscle tone

Skeletal muscles Muscles can only pull, they cannot push Muscles can only pull, they cannot push Muscles move a joint in antagonistic pairs Muscles move a joint in antagonistic pairs

On one side of the joint, the muscle flexes (contacts) while the other side of the joint extends (relaxes) The biceps contract The triceps relax