State the endosymbiotic theory and describe 3 evidence of it. Draw and label the parts of a bacterial cell. Differentiate between Gram + and Gram – cells. Explain the process of conjugation of an Hfr cell. List and describe how organelles are involved in making proteins. Draw and label the parts of a nephron.

In a bag with a selectively permeable membrane you have a solution of 4 % salt and 2 % starch. The bag is permeable to salt but not to starch. You place this in a beaker with distilled water. Draw this system, determine the direction of the movement of various substances and determine the type(s) of transport used. Describe what happens with a plant cell when it is placed in a hypotonic solution. Explain the process of osmoregulation in mammals.

Name the transport type for all of the following: – white blood cell engulfs a bacterium as you fight off an infection – Carbon dioxide (a small uncharged gas molecule) enters the lungs (where it is less concentrated) from the blood (where it is more concentrated). – Cells of the stomach wall transport hydrogen ions through a ATP-dependent membrane protein to the inside of the stomach, producing a pH of 1.5. The pH of the cytosol (fluid inside the cells) of stomach wall cells is approximately 7. – The lung cells of a victim who drowned in fresh water are swollen due to water entering the cells. – A Paramecium (a single celled organism) swims into an area of salty water.. The Paramecium shrivels up as it loses water through its cell membrane.

What is the tonicity of this system above? What is moving through the membrane in what direction if the pores are about the size of glucose, but glucose can still fit through them? Describe osmoregulation in a freshwater fish. Explain how an annelid performs excretion. Explain how an arthropod performs excretion. List three adaptations of animals to prevent dehydration. Has 4 M of sucrose and 2 M of glucose Has 2 M of sucrose and 4 M of glucose

Chose one specific cell and explain how its structure changed to better fit its function. Explain how mitochondria fit to perform their function. Imagine a cell that has the following measurements: 125 µm high, 1 µm wide and 1 µm long. We can simplify the shape of this as a square column. What would be its surface area to volume ratio? How would this ratio change if this rectangular shape would be 100 µm on all sides?