 2007 Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Introduction to Tobacco-Control Economics Hugh Waters, PhD Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health

 2007 Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Section A Introduction

 2007 Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health 3 Importance of Economics Cost of smoking Response of demand to taxes and price Supply of tobacco

 2007 Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health 4 Some Topics We’ll Explore Introduction to tobacco-control economics  Dr. Hugh Waters, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Tobacco taxation  Frank J. Chaloupka, PhD, University of Illinois at Chicago and the International Tobacco Evidence Network (ITEN) The costs of smoking  Dr. Hana Ross, American Cancer Society and the International Tobacco Evidence Network (ITEN)

 2007 Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health 5 Some Topics We’ll Explore Analysis of supply  Dr. Teh-wei Hu, University of California, Berkeley Illicit trade  Dr. Ayda Yurekli, International Development Research Center

 2007 Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health 6 Introduction: Tobacco Use and Economic Principles Global trends in smoking  1.1 billion adults smoke* By 2025, 1.6 billion people are expected to be smokers* Cigarettes (manufactured or hand rolled) comprise 85% of all tobacco products and pose the most danger to health † *Source: World Health Organization. (1999); † Source: The Tobacco Atlas. (2006).

 2007 Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health 7 Introduction: Tobacco Use and Economic Principles The prevalence of smoking has been declining in high-income countries* However, consumption of tobacco products has increased steadily since the 1970s in low- and middle-income countries* Within countries, there has also been a shift in smoking from high- income men to low-income men and women *Source: The World Bank. (1999).

 2007 Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health 8 Per Capita Income ($ PPP*) 2003 *Note: PPP = purchasing power parity. Source: adapted by CTLT from The World Bank, World Development Indicators. (2006).

 2007 Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health 9 Male Smoking Prevalence and Income, by Country Image source: adapted by CTLT from The World Bank, World Development Indicators. (2006).

 2007 Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health 10 Female Smoking Prevalence and Income, by Country Image source: adapted by CTLT from The World Bank, World Development Indicators. (2006).

 2007 Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health 11 Source: The World Bank. (1999). Relationship between Smoking and Income Level Smoking exacerbates poverty  In many low-income households, spending on tobacco results in high opportunity costs Tobacco spending as a percentage of household expenditures among poorest households  Bangladesh: 1.5%  India: 4%  South Africa: 4.7%  Bulgaria: 10.4%  Indonesia: 15%

 2007 Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health 12 In Conclusion Several links between economy and smoking at the country level Smoking rates are related to income levels, particularly for males Smoking rates for males and females are increasing in low- and middle-income countries Vicious circle between poverty and smoking that can affect the poorest in any society