The Role of Solar Energy in Global Winds and Ocean Currents

Earth Surface Temperatures How does the sun’s energy relate to the fuel we use? How does the sun’s energy relate to the fuel we use? Using figure 6.7, explain what happens to solar energy that enters our atmosphere. Give percents to support your comments. Using figure 6.7, explain what happens to solar energy that enters our atmosphere. Give percents to support your comments. How does the solar energy that enters our atmosphere affect us? How does the solar energy that enters our atmosphere affect us?

What is Albedo The ability to reflect solar energy is referred to as albedo. The ability to reflect solar energy is referred to as albedo. Rough textured, irregular, and dark-colored materials have a low albedo, making them good absorbers of solar radiation. Uniform and light- colored materials such as snow, water at low sun angles, and sandy soils have a higher albedo and reflect more solar radiation, thus absorbing less energy. Rough textured, irregular, and dark-colored materials have a low albedo, making them good absorbers of solar radiation. Uniform and light- colored materials such as snow, water at low sun angles, and sandy soils have a higher albedo and reflect more solar radiation, thus absorbing less energy.

Which surfaces will have the highest albedo values?

How does sun affect temperatures at different latitudes? Effect of axial tilt on incoming solar radiation Sun angle determines the intensity of energy.

What Determines Seasons? nimations/animations/01_EarthSun_E2.ht ml nimations/animations/01_EarthSun_E2.ht ml nimations/animations/01_EarthSun_E2.ht ml nimations/animations/01_EarthSun_E2.ht ml

The Atmosphere What are the two predominant gases that make up 99% of our atmosphere? What are the two predominant gases that make up 99% of our atmosphere? What gases make up the remaining 1% of our atmosphere? What gases make up the remaining 1% of our atmosphere? Identify two ecologically important functions the atmosphere performs for us. Identify two ecologically important functions the atmosphere performs for us. Draw a diagram illustrating the layers of the atmosphere Draw a diagram illustrating the layers of the atmosphere

The Atmosphere

Layers of Earth’s Atmosphere

Name the Layers

Name the layer of the atmosphere that matches each description : commercial jets fly here has the lowest temperatures in the atmosphere weather occurs here extends to a height of about 10 km (6.2 miles) contains a layer of ozone to absorb ultraviolet radiation aurora occurs here

Name the layer of the atmosphere that matches each description : begins about 500 km (310 miles) above Earth meteors occur here satellites are found here and converges into interplanetary space extends for 10 to 45 km (28 miles) above Earth’s surface in these two layers, the temperature rises steadily with increasing altitude in these two layers, the temperature decrease steadily with increasing altitude

Atmospheric Circulation What drives the circulation of the atmosphere? Explain how it occurs. What drives the circulation of the atmosphere? Explain how it occurs. What are winds? What are winds? What three factors affect air pressure? What three factors affect air pressure? Winds tend to blow from ____ air pressure to _____ air pressure. What causes stronger winds? Winds tend to blow from ____ air pressure to _____ air pressure. What causes stronger winds?

Wind currents

Coriolis effect

Global wind currents The global pattern of wind currents can be shown by the three cell model of air circulation. This shows: convection cells (formed due to differences in high and low pressure) deflected winds (due to the Coriolis effect) This forms three main wind patterns in each hemisphere. polar easterlies westerlies trade winds westerlies polar easterlies

Climate zones Wind circulation patterns, along with other factors, contribute to the location of different climate zones. Convection cells at the equator, called Hadley cells, create areas of high and low pressure associated with the trade winds. Low pressure at the equator results in high rainfall – forming Africa’s equatorial rainforests. High pressure areas occur around 30° north and 30° south latitudes. These areas see very low annual rainfall – forming the arid land of the Sahara and Kalahari deserts. equator

What is the Coriolis effect and how does it affect windsWhat is the Coriolis effect and how does it affect winds? What is the Coriolis effect and how does it affect winds

True or false?

Which way are winds deflected in the Northern Hemisphere? Southern Hemisphere? Which way are winds deflected in the Northern Hemisphere? Southern Hemisphere? Figure 6.11 illustrates atmospheric circulation and heat exchange. The arrows on the side of the globe in the drawing are called Hadley Cells. There are 6 Hadley Cells. These arrows illustrate the atmospheric circulation you read about on page 115. The red shading represents warm air and the blue shading represents cool air. Figure 6.11 illustrates atmospheric circulation and heat exchange. The arrows on the side of the globe in the drawing are called Hadley Cells. There are 6 Hadley Cells. These arrows illustrate the atmospheric circulation you read about on page 115. The red shading represents warm air and the blue shading represents cool air.

Draw the illustration in figure Label: Winds in both hemispheres Winds in both hemispheres Polar Easterlies Polar Easterlies Prevailing Westerlies Prevailing Westerlies Trade winds Trade winds Doldrums Doldrums The Hadley,Ferrel, and Polar cells indicating the direction of atmospheric circulation. Indicate the warm air and cool air on your illustration with colors. The Hadley,Ferrel, and Polar cells indicating the direction of atmospheric circulation. Indicate the warm air and cool air on your illustration with colors.

Global Oceans What is the global ocean and how much of Earth’s surface does it cover? What is the global ocean and how much of Earth’s surface does it cover? What are the names of the 4 sections of the global ocean? Which is the largest? What are the names of the 4 sections of the global ocean? Which is the largest? What is the relationship between prevailing winds and surface ocean water? What is the relationship between prevailing winds and surface ocean water? What are gyres? What are gyres? Which way do ocean currents move in the Northern Hemisphere? Southern Hemisphere? Which way do ocean currents move in the Northern Hemisphere? Southern Hemisphere? What does circumpolar mean? Which hemisphere is the flow of water less affected by land masses What does circumpolar mean? Which hemisphere is the flow of water less affected by land masses

Surface Ocean Currents

Ocean Conveyor Belt Ocean Conveyor Belt

Sea Surface Temperatures

Global Oceans What is the ocean conveyor belt? Describe the currents. What is the ocean conveyor belt? Describe the currents. How does the Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Drift affect the climate of Europe? How does the Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Drift affect the climate of Europe? What happened when the ocean conveyor belt changed about 11,000 to 12,000 years ago? What happened when the ocean conveyor belt changed about 11,000 to 12,000 years ago?

For this question you will need to use the old book with the polar bear on the front cover. On page you will see a map of ocean currents very similar to the one in your textbook but the warm and cold water currents are labeled better. On the map provided, label the following currents: North Atlantic Drift North Atlantic Drift Gulf Stream Gulf Stream North Atlantic Equatorial Current (Canaries Current) North Atlantic Equatorial Current (Canaries Current) Alaska Current Alaska Current California Current California Current Peruvian Current (shown as the Humboldt Current in your textbook) Peruvian Current (shown as the Humboldt Current in your textbook) Labrador Current Labrador Current