BUILDING THE FRAME Walls are constructed in sections, lying down on the floor platform and then tilted up into position. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

Temporary bracing is used to hold the wall in place. BUILDING THE FRAME Temporary bracing is used to hold the wall in place. Adjustable, bowed "springboards" allow more precise alignment of the walls. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

The header is supported by two supporting "jack studs" at either end. BUILDING THE FRAME Window rough opening, viewed from the inside, with the window installed: The header is supported by two supporting "jack studs" at either end. The rough sill and head are also doubled. Note the OSB sheathing higher on the wall, and preservative-treated plywood below for greater protection from moisture damage due to differences in finish and grade conditions on the exterior side. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

A glu-lam beam spans a garage door rough opening. BUILDING THE FRAME A glu-lam beam spans a garage door rough opening. Note the temporary bracing, supporting jack studs at each end of the beam, and the top plate overlapping at the foremost corner so as to tie the two wall planes. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

BUILDING THE FRAME Shear Walls Steel strap seismic hold-downs cast into the concrete foundation will be nailed to the wall after the sheathing is applied. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

BUILDING THE FRAME Shear Walls This light wood framed shear wall for a multi-story residential building in a region of high seismic risk requires special attention to panel strength, nailing patterns, and transfer of loads across panel joints to provide the necessary resistant to lateral (wind and seismic) forces. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

BUILDING THE FRAME Second Floor Platform Framing of the second floor platform and walls proceed much the same as for the ground floor. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

BUILDING THE FRAME Second Floor Platform At joist ends and intermediate bearing points, continuous rim joists or intermittent solid blocking close of joist spaces and brace the joists against tipping. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

BUILDING THE FRAME Second Floor Platform Because of their relatively thin webs, I-joists may require web stiffeners or squash blocks made of short lengths of solid lumber where loads bear from above (A. and B-2). Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

BUILDING THE FRAME Second Floor Walls Each floor platform makes a convenient work surface for building the next set of walls. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

Second floor framing including steel girder, LVL beam, and I-joists. BUILDING THE FRAME Second floor framing including steel girder, LVL beam, and I-joists. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

Floor platform from below, framed for future opening. BUILDING THE FRAME Floor platform from below, framed for future opening. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

BUILDING THE FRAME Roof Framing Ceiling joists and roof rafters are erected on top of the second floor walls. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

BUILDING THE FRAME Roof Framing A knowledgeable framer can lay out all cuts on a sloped rafter with nothing more than a traditional framing square and pencil. Collar ties, close to the upper ends of the rafters, resist wind uplift forces. Ceiling joists, close to the lower ends of rafters, resist the rafter horizontal spreading forces that could cause the walls to spread outward. Where ceiling joists tie the lower rafter ends, ridge boards are nonstructural, and serve only to align the rafters and provide nailing for the roof sheathing. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

Roof rafters BUILDING THE FRAME Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

Openings in roofs are framed much like those in floors or walls. BUILDING THE FRAME Openings in roofs are framed much like those in floors or walls. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

BUILDING THE FRAME When the lower ends of the rafters are not tied by ceiling joists, a structural ridge beam (steel in this example) is required to prevent the ridge from sagging and the rafters from pushing outward on the tops of the walls. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

BUILDING THE FRAME The complex cuts required for hip or valley framing can also be laid out with a simple framing square. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

Roof trusses, with temporary bracing. BUILDING THE FRAME Roof trusses, with temporary bracing. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

A fully framed and sheathed structure BUILDING THE FRAME A fully framed and sheathed structure Finish carpentry work at the roof eaves has also begun. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5th Edition Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.