Spanish-American War Latin American Issues
Spanish-American War 1868 Series of Cuban revolts (Jose Marti) Americans sympathetic Because similar struggle in American Revolution Geographically close Media dramatized events
Maine President McKinley reluctant to get involved deLome letter ridiculed him USS Maine mysteriously blew up > 260 died
The Philippines U.S. attacked Spain in Philippines American advantage with better ships & technology U.S. won decisive victory (not 1 died vs. 400 Spanish deaths) George Dewey planned attack at capital city (Manila) Partner with Emilio Aguinaldo (rebel Filipino leader) Spanish surrendered 1898
Cuba U.S. recognized Cuban independence > Teller Amendment Once Cuba free from Spanish, U.S. leaves gov ’ t to people U.S. not as prepared for this war Famous volunteers = Rough Riders With persistence, Spanish troops in Cuba surrender & U.S. defeated troops in Puerto Rico
Results Spain gave up claims to Cuba; ceded Puerto Rico & Guam Gave Philippines to U.S. for $20 million Cost U.S. $250 million & 2000 died (mostly from yellow fever) U.S. annexed Philippines > Aguinaldo fought back > full independence 1946
Roosevelt ’ s Foreign Policy Cuba – Platt Amendment: Limited Cuba ’ s ability to sign treaties with others US right to intervene Required to sell/ lease land to US Protectorate Eventually repealed but Guantanamo Bay base maintained Puerto Rico Not protectorate but territory 1952 considered a “ self- governing commonwealth ” with U.S. controlling interstate trade, immigration & military affairs
Platt Amendment
Panama Canal Faster route to connect Atlantic & Pacific Oceans 1880s French tried through Panama (controlled by Columbia) > bankrupt 1900s Secretary of State John Hay negotiate with Columbia but refused to ratify
Panama Revolution Panamanians tried to break free from Columbia > Roosevelt supported U.S. recognized Panama ’ s independence Treaty allowed U.S. in 10-mile zone Harsh conditions to build canal: yellow fever, malaria Completed in 1914
Roosevelt Corollary Late 1800s Europe & U.S. invested money into Latin America 1904 Dominican Republic unable to pay Europe debt > U.S. fears Europeans will use force > Roosevelt Corollary Big Stick Policy Pledge to use military force to prevent Europe from taking control Stability in Latin America
Diplomacy Taft US involvement in Latin America deepened > protect U.S. interests Taft suggested U.S. buy out European loans 1914 U.S. invested $1.6 billion Substitute dollars for bullets > Dollar Diplomacy Wilson Moral Diplomacy: use of persuasion & American ideals to advance U.S. interests