Key Issue #2: Where Are Migrants Distributed? 3% of world are international migrants (mostly in U.S) Global Migration Patterns o Net-out migration – Asia, Latin Amer., Africa o Net-in migration – N. America, Europe, Oceania o 3 largest migration streams/flows: ①Asia to Europe ②Asia to N. America ③Latin America to N. America o LDC’s to MDC’s o 12% of U.S, 25% of Australia, 50% of Middle East are immigrants

Key Issue #2: Where Are Migrants Distributed? U.S Immigration Patterns o 3 Migration Eras: ①Colonial Immigration from England & Africa ( ) o Approx. 2 million Europeans (mostly voluntary) – 90% from Great Britain o Approx. 650,000 Africans (mostly forced as slaves) – illegal in 1808 but 250,000 came b/t ②19 th Century European Immigration ( ) o 65 mil Europeans (40 mil to U.S., rest to Canada, Australia, NZ, southern Africa, & S. America) o Largest # from Germany, Italy, U.K., Ireland, & Russia o Many from Poland but often counted as German or Russian

Key Issue #2: Where Are Migrants Distributed? U.S Immigration Patterns o 3 Migration Eras: ②19 th Century European Immigration ( ) o 1 st Peak (1840’s & 50’s) – up to 250,000 per year, mostly from Northern & Western Europe (Ireland & Germany), economic & political factors (Ex. Potato famine in Ireland) o 2 nd Peak (1870’s -90’s) – 500,000 per year, had declined during Civil War, mostly from Northern & Western Europe (Ireland, Germany, Norway & Sweden), Industrial Revolution led to Stage 2 of DT (pop. growth, migration for better opportunities) o 3 rd Peak (1900’s-20’s) – decline in 1890’s due to economic problems, 1 million per year, mostly from Southern & Eastern Europe (Italy, Russia, Austria-Hungary), Stage 2 transition

Key Issue #2: Where Are Migrants Distributed? U.S Immigration Patterns o 3 Migration Eras: ③Recent Immigration from LDC’s o Dropped during Great Depression & WWII (1930’s & 40’s) o Increasing since 1950’s o From Asia – 1 mil. From China & Japan , 7 mil from Asia (mostly from China, Hong Kong, Philippines, India, & Vietnam), many also to Canada (British Columbia) o From Latin America – 2 mil from , 13 mil from , approx. 400,000 per year in 2000’s, mostly from Mexico, many from Dominican Republic & El Salvador, Stage 2 of DT & poor economic situations U.S. has changed over time – no longer sparsely settled, no longer large amounts of unclaimed land (closing of the frontier), not booming economically

Key Issue #2: Where Are Migrants Distributed? Impact of Immigration on the U.S. o Legacy of European Migration (basically ended in 1914 at start of WWI) ①Demographic Transition o Stage 2 fueled by Industrial Rev. (tech. & healthcare) o Promoted efficient agriculture – people pushed off family farms (larger farms & more machinery) o People sought factory jobs in cities or moved to U.S. for farmland o Europe now in Stage 3 & 4 – no need for U.S. “safety valve” ②Diffusion of Culture o Language (English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch) o Religion (Christianity) o Art, music, literature, philosophy, government, ethics o N. & S. America and Australia similar to European culture (sparsely populated before colonialism) o Conflict in Africa & Asia due to colonialism (domination, discrimination, drawing of problematic boundaries, etc.)

Key Issue #2: Where Are Migrants Distributed? Impact of Immigration on the U.S. o Undocumented Immigration Desire for immigration > allowed quotas Estimates from 9.3 to 11.1 million in 2005 (5+ mil from Mexico, 2+ mil from Latin Amer., 1 mil from Asia, ½ mil from Europe/Canada, ½ mil other) ½ adult males, ½ women or children About 7.2 million employed (5% of workforce) – farming, cleaning, construction, food service Reasons: o Enter legally as tourists or students & don’t leave o Slip across border U.S.-Mexico border is 2,000 miles long (many unpatrolled sections) Often purchase forged documents 1.3 million are caught per year and often deported

Key Issue #2: Where Are Migrants Distributed? Impact of Immigration on the U.S. o Destination of Immigrants in U.S. ½ in 4 states – NY, CA (1/4), TX, FL Cluster in coastal or border states or in cities with busy international airports Mexican immigrants to CA, TX, IL, or border states Caribbean to FL (Cubans) or NY (Puerto Ricans) China & India to NY & CA Other Asians to CA Factors: ①Proximity ②Clustering near similar immigrants (chain migration) ③Job availability