Skeletal Organization 7.5 p. 205 – p. 259

Basics 206 bones in human body Made up of 2 parts: Axial Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton http://www.getbodysmar t.com/ap/skeletalsystem /skeleton/introduction/t utorial.html

Axial Skeleton Skull Hyoid Bone Vertebral Column Thoracic Cage Cranium Face Hyoid Bone Vertebral Column Thoracic Cage Ribs Sternum

Appendicular Skeleton Pectoral girdle Upper limbs Pelvic girdle Lower limbs

Terms Used to Describe Skeletal Structures (Table 7.4 p. 208) Condyle Crest Epicondyle Facet Fissure Fontanel Foramen Fossa Head Linea Meatus Process Ramus Sinus Spine Suture Trochanter Tubercle Tuberosity

Axial Skeleton

Skull Cranial bones Facial bones

Cranial Bones

Cranial Bones Frontal bone Parietal Bone Temporal Bones Occipital Bone Sphenoid Bone Ethmoid Bone

Cranial Bones Frontal Bone Parietal Bones Forehead Bone under eyebrows Superior portion of eye orbits Parietal Bones Most superior and lateral walls of cranium Sagittal suture at midline Coronal suture where they meet the frontal bone

Cranial Bones Temporal Bones: inferior to the parietal bones Joined at squamous sutures External acoustic meatus Styloid process Zygomatic process Mastoid process Jugular foramen Internal acoustic meatus Carotid

Cranial Bones Occipital Bone Joined to parietal bones anteriorly by the lambdoid suture Foramen magnum Surrounds lower part or brain, allows spinal cord to connect to brain Occipital condyles

Cranial Bones Sphenoid Bone Spans width of the skull Forms floor of cranial cavity Stella turcica Foramen ovale Optic canal Superior orbital fissure Sphenoid sinuses

Cranial Bones Ethmoid Bones Anterior to sphenoid bone Forms roof of nasal cavity Crista galli Cribriform plates Superior and middle nasal conchae

Cranial Bones Link http://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/skeletalsy stem/skeleton/axial/skull/quizzes/menu/me nu.html

Facial Bones

Facial Bones Maxillae Palantine Bones Zygomatic Bones Lacrimal Bones Nasal Bones Vomer Bone Inferior Nasal Conchae Mandible

Facial Bones Maxillae (maxillary bones) Upper jaw Keystone bones – all other bones join with the maxillae bones Upper teeth in alveolar margin Palantine processes – anterior portion of hard palate Paranasal sinuses Palantine Bones: form posterior portion of hard palate Failure to develop forms a cleft palate

Facial Bones Zygomatic Bones Lacrimal Bones Nasal bones Cheek bones Eye sockets Lacrimal Bones Medial portion of each eye socket Groove to serve as passage way for tears Nasal bones Small bones forming bridge of the nose

Facial Bones Vomer Bone Inferior Nasal Conchae Mandible Nasal septum Thin, curved bones from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity Mandible Lower jaw Body Rami Lower teeth in alveoli (alveolar margin)

Hyoid Bone Only bone of the body that does not directly articulate with another bone Suspended in neck approximately 2cm above the larynx Movement of tongue Attachment for neck muscles

Skull Development Use your books and computers to summarize the development of the skull. Focus in fetal development through adolescence. Bullet points or paragraph Be prepared to present all or a portion to the class.

Vertebral Column Regions: Shapes vary Intervertebral discs Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Shapes vary Intervertebral discs Separate and cushion vertebrae

Vertebral Column Terminology Body / centrum Vertebral arch Vertebral foramen Pedicles Transverse processes Spinous processes Superior and inferior articular facets Anterior/posterior longitudinal ligaments

Cervical Vertebrae C1 – C7 Neck region of spine First two vertebrae: atlas and axis

Cervical Vertebrae Smallest vertebrae Transverse process contains foramina for the vertebral arteries to pass through

Thoracic Vertebrae T1 – T12 Larger than cervical vertebrae Connect with ribs

Lumbar Vertebrae L1 – L5 Sturdiest vertebrae Massive bodies, short spinous processes

Sacrum Fusion of 5 vertebrae Superiorly connects with L5 inferiorly connects with coccyx Alae: articulate with hips Median sacral crest Posterior sacral foramina Sacral canal Sacral haitus

Coccyx Fusion of three irregularly shaped vertebrae “tailbone”

Parts of Vertebrae http://www.purposegames.com/game/fb1ba 7f9d8

Identify the pictures using your notes. Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, axis, atlas

Thoracic Cage Ribs Sternum Costal Cartilage

Ribs 12 pairs of ribs (24 total) True Ribs False ribs: First 7 pairs of ribs Vertebrosternal ribs False ribs: Next 5 pairs of ribs Do not reach sternum directly Last 2 pairs of the false ribs are sometimes called floating ribs

Sternum Midline of anterior portion of thoracic cage 3 parts: Manubrium Body Xiphoid process

Appendicular Skeleton

Pectoral Girdle Shoulder girdle Clavicles Scapulae (scapula) Support of upper limb and muscle attachment

Clavicle Slender, rod like bones Elongated S-shape Base of the neck Run from the manubrium to the scapulae

Scapulae Broad, triangular in shape Either side of the upper back Spine Acromion process and coracoid process form the top of the shoulder Glenoid cavity – articulates with the head of the humerus

Upper Limb Humerus Radius Ulna Hand Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges

Humerus Scapula  elbow Head fits into the glenoid cavity of the scapula Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle Both provide muscle attachment

Radius Thumb side of the forearm Shorter than the ulna Head articulates with the ulna (radial notch) and the humerus

Ulna Longer than the radius Articulates with the humerus (trochlear notch)

Hands Wrist Palm Fingers 8 small carpals in two rows All together called carpus Palm 5 bones, in line with each finger Fingers Phalanges 2 bones in thumb 3 bones in fingers

Pelvic Girdle Hip bones Symphysis pubis Ilium Ischium Pubis Symphysis pubis Male pelvis is more slender than the female pelvis Female ilium is wider

Lower Limb Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Foot: Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges

Femur Longest bone in the body Connects hip to knee Greater trochanter, lesser trochanter Lateral and medial chondyle articulate with tibia

Patella Kneecap Covers joint between femur and tibia

Fibula and Tibia Tibia: shin bone Larger of the two Articulates at the knee with the femur Medial portion of lower leg Fibula Bears no body weight Lateral portion of the leg Protrudes from ankle

Foot Tarsals (form the tarsus) Metatarsals: 5 bones Phalanges Talus: forms medial portion of ankle Calcaneus: heel bone Metatarsals: 5 bones Form foot Phalanges Toes Big toe (2 bones) other 4 toes (3 bones)