Chapter 11 – Sect to 11-5 Hazards and Risk Assessment

OBJECTIVES:  Assess the types and effects of chemical and biological hazards.  Describe risk assessment.

RISKS AND HAZARDS  Risk is...  We can suffer from: Biological hazards Biological hazards Chemical hazards Chemical hazards Physical hazards Physical hazards Cultural hazards Cultural hazards

BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS  Transmissible vs nontransmissable  Disease spread – change in physical, social, biological envmt.  Epidemiological transition

Solutions Infectious Diseases Increase research on tropical diseases and vaccines Reduce poverty Decrease malnutrition Improve drinking water quality Reduce unnecessary use of antibiotics Educate people to take all of an antibiotic prescription Reduce antibiotic use to promote livestock growth Careful hand washing by all medical personnel Immunize children against major viral diseases Oral rehydration for diarrhea victims Global campaign to reduce HIV/AIDS

TOXIC CHEMICALS  LD 50  Mutagens  Teratogens  Carcinogens  Others (immune, nervous, endocrine)

HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS  Flammable  Explosive  Irritant  Asphyxiant  Allergen

ASSESSING CHEMICAL HAZARDS  Dose; Frequency; Biology; Genetics  Variables

RISK ANALYSIS  Scientists Comparative Risk Analysis Most Serious Ecological and Health Problems High-Risk Health Problems Indoor air pollution Outdoor air pollution Worker chemical exposure Pollutants in drinking water Pesticide residues on food Toxic chemicals in consumer products High-Risk Ecological Problems Global climate change Stratospheric ozone depletion Wildlife habitat alteration & destruction Species extinction, loss of biodiversity Medium-Risk Ecological Problems Acid deposition Pesticides Airborne toxic chemicals Toxic chemicals, nutrients, and sediment in surface waters Low-Risk Ecological Problems Oil spills Groundwater pollution Radioactive isotopes Acid runoff to surface waters Thermal pollution

RISK ASSESSMENT  How?

RISK BUSINESS U.S. (2003) World

MORE RISK  Culture vs. biological

OBJECTIVES:  Assess the types and effects of chemical and biological hazards.  Describe risk assessment.