Political & Social Changes Industrial Revolution

Adam Smith 1723–1790 Adam Smith laid the intellectual framework for the concept of the free market

Socialism Basics Basics –Economic competition is inherently unfair and leads to injustice and inequalities –Belief in gov’t intervention –Led to socialist parties and labor unions

Karl Marx ( )

German German Lived in England Lived in England Books – Communist Manifesto Das Kapital Books – Communist Manifesto Das Kapital -1867

Philosophy Philosophy –Bourgeoisie growing richer & more monopolistic –Proletariat (workers) would take over the factors of production –The state (the people) would own the factors of production –Marxism = communism

Workers’ Movement Labor Unions Labor Unions –At 1 st illegal –Pushed for higher wages, work hrs. & working conditions

Political Parties Political Parties –Workers’ parties emerged –Example – Labour Party of Great Britain

Women & Family in 19 th Century Western Societies

Working Class Women

Led lives of toil & pain Led lives of toil & pain Domestic servants Domestic servants –Long hrs., physical abuse & sexual abuse

Young women in factories – poorly paid work in textiles Young women in factories – poorly paid work in textiles Married women – stay home, take care of children, sewing jobs and take in boarders Married women – stay home, take care of children, sewing jobs and take in boarders Poorest women – orphans & single mothers – many turned to prostitution Poorest women – orphans & single mothers – many turned to prostitution

Middle Class “Victorian Age” – “Victorian Age” –

Refers to Queen Victoria Refers to Queen Victoria Rules of Behavior Rules of Behavior –Ideology surrounding family& relations between men & women –“Separate spheres”

Middle Class Women’s Roles – Victorian Age Most important work was rearing children Most important work was rearing children Only single women could work – not in factories – usually in education Only single women could work – not in factories – usually in education Discrimination – women were considered minors Discrimination – women were considered minors

Western Feminism Mary Wollstonecraft – influenced by the enlightenment women should be equal with men Mary Wollstonecraft – influenced by the enlightenment women should be equal with men Push for women's suffrage Push for women's suffrage Some women joined organizations fighting prostitution, child labor and alcohol consumption Some women joined organizations fighting prostitution, child labor and alcohol consumption

Intellectual and Cultural Currents in Europe

Romanticism Represented a backlash against the logic and reason-oriented outlook of the Enlightenment Represented a backlash against the logic and reason-oriented outlook of the Enlightenment Stressed personal emotion, free play of the imagination, and freedom from rules of form Stressed personal emotion, free play of the imagination, and freedom from rules of form Writers and poets – Lord Byron, Victor Hugo Writers and poets – Lord Byron, Victor Hugo Musicians – Ludwig van Beethoven, Wagner Musicians – Ludwig van Beethoven, Wagner

Thomas Cole

Realism Rejected Romanticism’s idealized, dramatic outlook in favor of a more sober, critical view of life Rejected Romanticism’s idealized, dramatic outlook in favor of a more sober, critical view of life Charles Dickens and Leo Tolstoy Charles Dickens and Leo Tolstoy

Charles Darwin Evolution – is a random process in which physical changes that increase an animal’s chance for survival are passed on to that animal’s offspring Evolution – is a random process in which physical changes that increase an animal’s chance for survival are passed on to that animal’s offspring