SE-3910 Real-time Systems Week 7, Class 3 – Announcement – Estimating rates Uncompressed Video Size Compression Ratio Frame rate – the Stroboscope effect.

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Presentation transcript:

SE-3910 Real-time Systems Week 7, Class 3 – Announcement – Estimating rates Uncompressed Video Size Compression Ratio Frame rate – the Stroboscope effect (Aliasing) Channel capacity – Fourier Transform Sampling error SE Dr. Josiah Yoder Slide style: Dr. Hornick Much Material: Dr. Schilling, Some from Dr. Hornick, etc. 1

How is an image stored in memory? SE Dr. Josiah Yoder Slide style: Dr. Hornick Much Material: Dr. Schilling 2

Full HD/1080p SE Dr. Josiah Yoder Slide style: Dr. Hornick Much Material: Dr. Schilling 3

How large is an uncompressed image? 1080p – 1920 x 1080 – 3 channels (RGB), each 8 bits How many bytes for one image? SE Dr. Josiah Yoder Slide style: Dr. Hornick Much Material: Dr. Schilling 4

What is the uncompressed data-rate? 1080p – 1920 x 1080 – 3 channels (RGB), each 8 bits – 60 fps What is the data rate, in Xbits per second? SE Dr. Josiah Yoder Slide style: Dr. Hornick Much Material: Dr. Schilling 5

H.262 Compression H.262 compression has a target maximum data rate of 25 Mb/s. Supposing this means Mebibits/s (or Megabits/s), what is the desire compression ratio? compression ratio = compressed / uncompressed SE Dr. Josiah Yoder Slide style: Dr. Hornick Much Material: Dr. Schilling 6

The Stroboscopic Effect Have you ever noticed something that is in motion seem to stop? SE Dr. Josiah Yoder Slide style: Dr. Hornick Much Material: Dr. Schilling 7

The Stroboscopic Effect (Aliasing) ons/7/77/Propeller_strobe.ogv ons/7/77/Propeller_strobe.ogv ons/e/ef/The_wagon-wheel_effect.ogv ons/e/ef/The_wagon-wheel_effect.ogv SE Dr. Josiah Yoder Slide style: Dr. Hornick Much Material: Dr. Schilling 8

Safety See, e.g. ent-faculty-shop/machine-shop-rules ent-faculty-shop/machine-shop-rules SE Dr. Josiah Yoder Slide style: Dr. Hornick Much Material: Dr. Schilling 9

Aliasing /what-is-aliasing-and-anti-aliasing SE Dr. Josiah Yoder Slide style: Dr. Hornick Much Material: Dr. Schilling 10

More aliasing Single-Sensor Imaging: Methods and Applications for Digital Cameras, by Rastislav Lukac ums/showthread.php?t=14988 SE Dr. Josiah Yoder Slide style: Dr. Hornick Much Material: Dr. Schilling 11

Transmitting data Physical Layer – You didn’t talk too much about this in Network Protocols – Can occur through many mediums Twisted Pair Coaxial Cable Fiber Optics Wireless SE Dr. Josiah Yoder Slide style: Dr. Hornick Much Material: Dr. Schilling 12

Claude Shannon SE Dr. Josiah Yoder Slide style: Dr. Hornick Much Material: Dr. Schilling 13

Signals as sums of sine-waves SE Dr. Josiah Yoder Slide style: Dr. Hornick Much Material: Dr. Schilling 14 sSquareWave.html lides/SlideFiles.html

What is analog bandwidth? Time Freq. SE Dr. Josiah Yoder Slide style: Dr. Hornick Much Material: Dr. Schilling 15 processing

SE Dr. Josiah Yoder Slide style: Dr. Hornick Much Material: Dr. Schilling 16

Channel capacity SE Dr. Josiah Yoder Slide style: Dr. Hornick Much Material: Dr. Schilling 17

In-class exercise The old analog TV channels had a bandwidth of 6MHz Supposing a SNR of 50 dB, what is the maximum possible bit-rate? SE Dr. Josiah Yoder Slide style: Dr. Hornick Much Material: Dr. Schilling 18

Rates SE Dr. Josiah Yoder Slide style: Dr. Hornick Much Material: Dr. Schilling 19 Wiring TypeBandwidth CAT 316MHz CAT 5100 MHz Coaxial Cable (50 Ohm)1-2 GHz Fiber Optic50000 GHz

In-Class Exercise: If this is 1 second, what is the output if we sample 3 times per second? SE Dr. Josiah Yoder Slide style: Dr. Hornick Much Material: Dr. Schilling 20

Sampling Theorem (again Nyquist) f s = 2B (B is bandwidth of signal) SE Dr. Josiah Yoder Slide style: Dr. Hornick Much Material: Dr. Schilling 21

Discretization Consider an analog signal that will vary between two values – say 0 and V H volts Discretization refers to the “levels” the ADC is able to resolve the analog signal to: – a 2-bit converter can resolve 4 different discrete levels SE Dr. Josiah Yoder Slide style: Dr. Hornick Much Material: Dr. Schilling 22

Discretization Error Difference between the actual analog value and quantized digital value due is called quantization error. – Due either to rounding or truncation. SE Dr. Josiah Yoder Slide style: Dr. Hornick Much Material: Dr. Schilling 23