 Three components  Your misinformation page and images  The disclaimer page  Testing it with others  This week's labs are dedicated to Project 1B  Look at the suggestions page Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology1

Warning If the images lack proper permission and legal rights for use, there will be a major grading penalty. You should have feedback on your 1A work by today. Contact your TA and me if you have any concerns Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology2

 Each section will vote for their top two misinformation sites  Class will vote for the top four among these twelve finalists  Awards  1 st Place:50 pts extra credit  2 nd Place: 30 pts extra credit  3 rd Place: 20 pts extra credit  4 th Place:15 pts extra credit  5 th -12 th :10 pts extra credit Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology3

Fluency with Information Technology Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology 4 INFO100 and CSE100 Katherine Deibel

 Digitization: Representing information by any fixed set of symbols What number is: ? The representation associates one item with each symbol … encode the telephone keypad using ten colors Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology5

 Often, there are many things to digitize, but too few symbols available  The solution is to create more symbols by composing patterns  Three patterns make three symbols:  Pairing them makes 9 symbols; when they are triples, 27 symbols, and so on Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology6

 Encode the Latin alphabet A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Three pattern triples = 27 symbols MAKE LOVE NOT WAR Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology7

 The most fundamental representation of information is presence/absence of a phenomenon  matter, light, magnetism, flow, charge, …  detect: “Is the phenomenon present?”  set: make phenomenon present or absent  Any controllable phenomenon works if you define it right  PandA: Present and Absent Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology8

ExamplePresentAbsent Optical disc (DVD)PittedUnpitted Hard driveMagnetizedUnmagnetized RAMVoltageNo voltage LogicTrueFalse Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology9

 Logical World: Information, reasoning, computation are formulated by true/false and logic  All men are mortal  Aristotle is a man  Aristotle is mortal  True and false can be the patterns for encoding information Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology10

 The miracle of IT is that physical and logical worlds can be connected  Present means true / Absent false  Or vice versa depending on the standard Pavement Memory false true false false false true true false true false true false false false Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology11

The Diving Bell and the Butterfly Jean-Dominique Bauby Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology12

 A protocol for Yes/No questions  One blink  Yes  Two blinks  No  PandA implies that this is not the fewest number of blinks … really?  Why not use no blinks for No? Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology13

 PandA is a binary representation because it uses 2 patterns  Bit  a contraction for “binary digit”  a position in space/time capable of being set and detected in 2 patterns Sherlock Holmes’s Mystery of Silver Blaze A popular example where “absent” gives information … the dog didn’t bark, that is the phenomenon wasn’t detected Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology14

 A byte is eight bits treated as a unit  Adopted by IBM in 1960s  A standard measure ever since  Bytes encode the Latin alphabet using ASCII—the American Standard Code for Information Interchange Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology15

 Bits represent information, but their interpretation gives bits meaning  Could be a number, color, instruction, ASCII, sound samples, IP address, … Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology16

Bias-free Universal Medium Principle  Bits can represent all forms of discrete information  Bits have no inherent meaning Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology17

What? You can't read 0s and 1s? Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology18

 F Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology19

 F  I Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology20

 F  I  T Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology21

 Defined sets of characters mapping to numbers (binary representations)  Examples  ASCII  ASCII extended  Unicode  UTF Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology22

 Tells the browser which character set to use so the page displays the way you want <html xmlns=" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology23

 Uniform Transformation Format  Universal—all characters have a place  Each character is encoded using 1 to 4 bytes (8 to 32 bits) Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology24

Because we have ten fingers Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology25

 Different number representations are based around different numbers  This number is called a base or radix  Binary: base 2  Octal: base 8  Decimal: base 10  Hexadecimal: base Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology26

 1101 in binary = 13 in decimal  1101 in octal = 577 in decimal  1101 in decimal = 1101 in decimal  1101 in hexadecimal = 4353 in decimal Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology27

 All numbers use positional or place notation that is based on the radix  Decimal 1101= 1× × ×10 + 1×1 = 1× × × ×10 0  Binary 1101= 1×8 + 1×4 + 0×2 + 1×1 = 1× × × × Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology28

Recall that the digits in a number represent a power of the base value Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology29

 Given a binary number, add up the powers of 2 corresponding to 1s  Example: = = Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology30 1×2 7 = 1×128= 128 0×2 6 = 0×64= 0 1×2 5 = 1×32= 32 0×2 4 = 0×16= 0 0×2 3 = 0×8= 0 0×2 2 = 0×4= 0 0×2 1 = 0×2= 0 1×2 0 = 1×1= 1

 Given a binary number, add up the powers of 2 corresponding to 1s  Example: = = Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology31 0×2 7 = 0×128= 0 0×2 6 = 0×64= 0 1×2 5 = 1×32= 32 1×2 4 = 1×16= 16 0×2 3 = 0×8= 0 1×2 2 = 0×4= 0 1×2 1 = 1×2= 2 0×2 0 = 0×1= 0

 This table explains the procedure  Let's convert 104 to binary Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology32 Decimal Place Value Subtract Binary Num

 Subtract PV from the number; a non-negative result gives new number and “1”; otherwise, “0” Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology33 Decimal104 Place Value Subtractneg Binary Num0

 Subtract PV from the number; a non-negative result gives new number and “1”; otherwise, “0” Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology34 Decimal104 Place Value Subtractneg40 Binary Num01

 Subtract PV from the number; a non-negative result gives new number and “1”; otherwise, “0” Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology35 Decimal Place Value Subtractneg408 Binary Num011

 Subtract PV from the number; a non-negative result gives new number and “1”; otherwise, “0” Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology36 Decimal Place Value Subtractneg408neg Binary Num0110

 Subtract PV from the number; a non-negative result gives new number and “1”; otherwise, “0” Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology37 Decimal Place Value Subtractneg408neg0 Binary Num01101

 Since we are at 0, the rest of the digits must be zero as well Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology38 Decimal Place Value Subtractneg408neg0000 Binary Num

 Thus, 104 in decimal is in binary Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology39 Decimal Place Value Subtractneg408neg0000 Binary Num

 Note that we wrote 104 as  We could have written and been just as correct  In computing, we usually write binary with multiples of 4 or 8 digits  Based on length of nibbles and bytes  We add leading zeros to the front Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology40

She turned me into a newt… using GIMP Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology41

 Two bytes is pretty common  Binary numbers are too long  Decimal numbers are more concise  10 is not a power of 2  16 is a power of 2 (2 4 ) Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology42

 now what?  We use letters:  10  A  11  B  12  C  13  D  14  E  15  F Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology43

 Same as with binary with two differences:  The digits are more than 0 and 1  The base is 16  Example: A37 = A37 = Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology44 A×16 2 = 10×256= ×16 1 = 3×16= 48 7×16 0 = 7×1= 7

 4 × 16 = × 1 = 11 (B = 11) Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology45

 Recall: colors are combinations of RGB  Husky Purple Red=160 Green=76 Blue= Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology46

 RGB values range from 0 to 255  0 means none of that color  255 means full saturation of that color  rgb(0,255,0) is GREEN  In hex, this range is 00 to FF  We can write as GREEN as #00FF00 or #00ff Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology47

 147 colors have been predefined for use in HTML and CSS  Examples Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology48 Color NameColorRGBHex Orangergb(255,165,0)#ffa500 ForestGreenrgb(34,139,34)#228B22 Purplergb(128,0,128)# Redrgb(255,0,0)#ff0000 DarkGrayrgb(169,169,169)#a9a9a9 Brownrgb(165,42,42)#a52a2a DodgerBluergb(30,144,255)#1e90ff LightPinkrgb(255,182,193)#ffb6c1

Hints for RGB values in Hex:  FF is 255  80 is 128  40 is Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology49

Metadata and Compression Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology50

 Bits and bytes encode the information, but that’s not all  Tags can encode format and structure  Example uses:  word processors  HTML  Oxford English Dictionary Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology51

byte (baIt). Computers. [Arbitrary, prob. influenced by bit sb. 4 and bite sb.] A group of eight consecutive bits operated on as a unit in a computer Blaauw & Brooks in IBM Systems Jrnl. III. 122 An 8-bit unit of information is fundamental to most of the formats [of the System/360]. A consecutive group of n such units constitutes a field of length n. Fixed-length fields of length one, two, four, and eight are termed bytes, halfwords, words, and double words respectively IBM Jrnl. Res. & Developm. VIII. 97/1 When a byte of data appears from an I/O device, the CPU is seized, dumped, used and restored P. A. Stark Digital Computer Programming xix. 351 The normal operations in fixed point are done on four bytes at a time Dataweek 24 Jan. 1/1 Tape reading and writing is at from 34,160 to 192,000 bytes per second. byte baIt. Computers. Arbitrary, prob. influenced by bit n. 4 and bite n. A group of eight consecutive bits operated on as a unit in a computer Blaauw &amp. Brooks in IBM Systems Jrnl. III. 122 An 8-bit unit of information is fundamental to most of the formats of the System/360.&es.A consecutive group of n such units constitutes a field of length n.&es.Fixed- length fields of length one, two, four, and eight are termed bytes, halfwords, words, and double words respectively IBM Jrnl. Res. &amp. Developm. VIII. 97/1 When a byte of data appears from an I/O device, the CPU is seized, dumped, used and restored P. A. Stark Digital Computer Programming xix. 351 The normal operations in fixed point are done on four bytes at a time Dataweek 24 Jan. 1/1 Tape reading and writing is at from 34,160 to 192,000 bytes per second Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology52

 “Continuous” information like light and sound must be made “discrete” MicMic Digital to Analog Analog to Digital SpkSpk Digital audio uses 44,100 samples per second of 16 bits on two channels, or 10,584,000 B/min Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology53

 Compression: use fewer bits  Saves space  Faster transmission  Two types of compression  Lossless – Allows full recovery of data  Lossy – Lose some data but tighter compression Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology54

JPEG OriginalOver compressed Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology55

 Give number of 1s, number of 0s, etc.  Forget row encoding … alternate … … … (270 1s) (2 1s)(266 0s)(2 1s) … [Size: 270x200](0)(542)(266)(4)(266)(4)(266)(4)(266) … Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology56

 Three Basic Ideas + One  Limit colors to 256  Encode colors in table with byte  Encode as runs …  And finally, use Lemple-Ziv- Welch encoding which looks for patterns in the runs Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology57

 The core of the information in IT are binary digits—the bits  But it's not just numbers  It builds up to letters, colors, images, etc.  A string of bits can be anything  Additional methods enhance the bits  Metadata tags enrich the story  Compression can change the story.. or not Katherine Deibel, Fluency in Information Technology58