Protestant Reformation

Causes of the Reformation Religious Causes SSimony- selling positions in the church CCorruption at top MMany popes not religious- (wanted political power) PPriests abused power- (kids out of wedlock) IIndulgences- people paid priests to escape Purgatory Cultural Causes RRenaissance Universities built MMore people studied ancient languages- read the original versions of the bible & early religious teachings SSaw how much church had changed from beginning

Causes of the Reformation Political Causes  Kings got more power as pope got less  Countries built better armies & became more independent  Saw the pope as a foreign leader- did not want pope to control their own lands Economic Causes  Manor life fades away  People move to the city and join guilds- trade grows  Townspeople look to kings rather than lords for protection  kings gain power

Brief Overview: What was the Protestant Reformation? In the 16 th century, Martin Luther started a series of attempts to reform the traditions of the Roman Catholic Church. He was considered heretic for showing his opposition to certain practices of the Church.

Martin Luther Augustinian monk German theologian Ecclesiastical reformer Born: November 10 th, 1483 Died: February 18, 1546 Influenced “reform” Wrote the 95 Theses

Indulgenc es Indulgences are pardons that reduce the sentence due in Purgatory for sins that have to be forgiven before one can enter Heaven. These could be “purchased” for friends, relatives or for yourself. Many strongly resented indulgences as just an easy profit for the church. “As soon as a coin in the coffer rings the rescued soul from purgatory springs.” - Johann Tetzel

The 95 Theses Also known as the Disputation of Doctor Martin Luther on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences Expressed Martin Luther’s opinion against aspects of:  Indulgences  The Authority of the Pope  Penance Publicly posted on the doors of the Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany

The 95 Theses (#1-5)  When our Lord and Master Jesus Christ said, "Repent" (Mt 4:17), he willed the entire life of believers to be one of repentance.  This word (repent) cannot be understood as referring to the sacrament of penance, that is, confession and satisfaction, as administered by the clergy.  Yet it does not mean solely inner repentance; such inner repentance is worthless unless it produces various outward mortification of the flesh.  The penalty of sin remains as long as the hatred of self (that is, true inner repentance), namely till our entrance into the kingdom of heaven.  The pope neither desires nor is able to remit any penalties except those imposed by his own authority or that of the canons.

Penance Also known as Confession One admits his/her sins to an ordained priest Then prays the Act of Contrition Is granted absolution, which relieves the individual of all sins Does Penance for sins

Lutheranism Defined Salvation by faith alone Religious truth and authority rest in the bible The church is a community not a hierarchy All occupations are vocations in which an individual serves God and their community

Other Reformers With Martin Luther’s break with the Catholic Church other reform movements emerge. Each of these religions develops beliefs, practices, and values different from other protestant groups. John Knox led the Protestant Reformation in Scotland. He based his ideas on Calvinist doctrine. He believed that the bible was the final authority for all maters of Christian faith. His writings encourage moral people do rise up against tyrannical rulers.

John Calvin and Calvinism Calvin publishes The Institutes of the Christian Religion Calvinist beliefs centered upon the idea that God:  is omniscient and omnipotent  has directed all that has, is, and will happen  directs the fate of every person / predestination

Church of England / Episcopalianism Due to dynastic needs, Henry VIII gains Parliamentary support for a break from the Catholic Church. Church of England created with official head being reigning monarch Protestant doctrines become more pronounced Anglican = Protestant religion with Catholic features created under reign of Elizabeth I Those that wish to purge the Catholic remnants from the Anglican faith become known as Puritans.

Support for Protestant Faiths Many support Protestant Religions:  Religious conviction  Political gain  Economic gain  Defy the Italian controlled RCC  Protest against Catholic nobility

Governmental Effects The Protestant Reformation separated many whole empires into the nation- state forms of government that we see today in Western Europe.

Counter-Reformation A movement within the Church to crush the spread of the Protestant movement. Ignatius of Loyola, Spain established Jesuit Order (Society of Jesus) Teachers, Converters, Missionaries Used the Inquisition to persecute heretics.

The Council of Trent Convened by Pope Paul III from Completely opposed Protestant reforms Reinforced Roman Catholic Traditions:  Upheld the sacraments, and transubstantiation (bread and wine into “Christ’s body and blood.”)

The Council of Trent Decides:  Lack of discipline within church was eliminated  Thorough training for clergy  Church offices not for sale  Faith and good works are needed for Salvation  The church's interpretation of the Bible was final  Anyone who interpreted the Bible was a heretic  Bible and Tradition are the authorities for Christians  Indulgences were valid expressions of faith (But the selling of indulgences was banned)