CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS COMPOSED OF CELL(S) RESPOND TO STIMULI METABOLIZEREPRODUCE GROW AND DEVELOP HIGHLY ORGANIZED BASIC UNIT OF LIVING THINGS REACT TO CHANGE BUIDLING UP (ANABOLIC) AND BREAKING DOWN (CATABOLIC) PROCESSES MAKE MORE INCREASE IN SIZE AND CHANGE IN SHAPE/FORM CERTAIN SPECIFIC STRUCTURES PERFORM SPECFIC JOBS

NEEDS OF LIVING THINGS ENERGYAIRLIVING SPACE PROPER TEMPERATURE H2OH2ONUTRIENTS HOMEOSTASIS = STABLE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

ATOM LEVELS OF ORGANIZTION IN LIVING THINGS MOLECULE COMPOUND ELEMENT =NITROGEN, OXYGEN, ETC… ORGANELLE=NUCLEUS, CELL MEMBRANE CELL TISSUE ORGAN ORGAN SYSTEM ORGANISM = BONE CELL, MUSCLE CELL BASIC UNIT OF LIFE = FIRST THING THAT IS LIVING =NERVE TISSUE, MUSCLE TISSUE =BRAIN, BICEP =NERVOUS + MUSCLUAR SYSTEM =OAK TREE, HUMAN, WORM BACTERIA= O2=O2==H 2 O

CELL THEORY CELLS ARE THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE ALL ORGANISMS ARE MADE OF ONE OR MORE CELLS ALL CELLS COME FROM PREEXISTING CELLS

Lysosome

TYPES OF CELL REPRODUCTION MEIOSISMITOSIS -PRODUCES 4 CELLS -NOT IDENTICAL TO PARENT CELL -1/2 # OF CHROMOSOMES -OCCURS IN SEX CELLS/GAMETES -OCCURS IN 2 STAGES (2 DIVISIONS) PROPHASE I & PROPHASE II METAPHASE I & METAPHSE II ANAPHASE I & ANAPHASE II TELOPHASE I & TELOPHASE II -PRODUCES 2 CELLS -IDENTICAL -SAME # OF CHROMOSOMES AS PARENT CELL -OCCURS IN BODY CELLS -OCCURS IN 1 STAGES (1 DIVISIONS) PROPHASE I METAPHASE I ANAPHASE I TELOPHASE I

46 46 x x2 46

Elk antler cells undergo Mitosis every 4-5 minutes (quickest one known)

INTERPHASE G1G1 SG2G2 CELL GROWTH & ROUTINE FUNCTIONS DNA SYNTHESIS (COPIED) GROWTH AND PREPARATION FOR CELL REPRODUCTION CELLS THAT DON’T DIVIDE REMAIN IN THIS PHASE ALL THE TIME ORGANELLS REPLICATE CELLS SPENDS 80% OF ITS TIME IN THESE 3 PHASES AFTER THESE 3 PHASES OCCUR THE CELL UNDERGOES MIITOSIS CYTOKINESIS IS WHEN THE CYTOMPLAMS DIVIDES AND THE CELL MEMBRANE ENCLOSEES EACH NEWW CELL MITOSIS, CYTOKINESIS AND INTERPHASE MAKE UP THE CELL CYLCE

TYPES OF CANCER CARCINOMASSARCOMASLEUKEMIASLYMPHOMAS SKIN AND SKIN-LIKE TISSUES BONE, MUSCLE, CARTILAGE & FAT WHITE BLOOD CELLS LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

Chemical Exposure Small, wiry boys were selected as chimney sweeps, because they could go places an adult could not. Working to remove soot from chimneys, they got covered with grime. Hygiene standards were low, so soot remained on their skin, particularly in obscure places.

18 th Century Early Observation Percivall Pott 1775, London. Traced relationship between exposure to soot (collecting under scrotum) and increased incidence of scrotal cancer in chimney sweeps.

Tobacco and Lung Cancer Lung cancer was uncommon until the 20 th Century. Many observed the rise in lung cancer rates and rise in popularity of cigarette smoking. Finally came experiments showing that tobacco smoke caused cancer in laboratory animals. Epidemiologic studies followed –Found that lung cancer death rate is dose dependent (directly related to the total number of cigarettes smoked).

Tumor-initiating Agents in the Particulate Phase of Tobacco Smoke

Confirmed Carcinogenic Agents in the Gas Phase of Cigarette Smoke

Tobacco Use in the US, *Age-adjusted to 2000 US standard population. Source: Death rates: US Mortality Public Use Tapes, , US Mortality Volumes, , National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cigarette consumption: US Department of Agriculture, Per capita cigarette consumption Male lung cancer death rate Female lung cancer death rate

Transport through cell membrane Can be Active Which Requires No energy such as in Example Which move materials from a region of To a region of and Transport proteins To move materials from a region of To a region of