The Constitution Completed: Differing Opinions “a Civil war may result from the present crisis…In Massachusetts …there are two parties, one devoted to Democracy, the worst…of all political evils, the other as violent in the opposite extreme…for this and other reasons…the plan should have been proposed in a more mediating shape.” “…every member [of the convention] should sign. A few characters of consequence, by opposing or even refusing to sign the Constitution, might do infinite mischief…No man’s ideas were more remote from the plan than [mine are] known to be; but is it possible to deliberate between anarchy…on one side, and the chance of good to be expected from the plan on the other?”

ericanhistory.org/ convention/debat es/0917-2/ “I confess that there are several parts of this Constitution which I do not at present approve…[But] the older I grow, the more apt I am to doubt my own judgment, and to pay more respect to the judgment of others…In these sentiments…I agree with this Constitution with all its faults, if they are such; because I think a general Government necessary for us…[and] I doubt…whether any other Convention we can obtain, may be able to make a better Constitution. For when you assemble a number of men to have the advantage of their joint wisdom, you inevitably assemble with those men all their prejudices, their passions, their errors of opinion, their local interests, and their selfish views. From such an assembly can a perfect production be expected? It therefore astonishes me…to find this system approaching so near to perfection as it does…Thus I consent…to this Constitution because I expect no better, and because I am not sure, that it is not the best…If every one of us in returning to our Constituents were to report the objections he has had to it…we might prevent its being generally received, and thereby lose all the salutary effects and great advantages resulting naturally in our favor among foreign Nations as well as among ourselves, from a real or apparent unanimity…On the whole…I cannot help expressing a wish that every member of the Convention who may still have objections to it, would with me on this occasion doubt a little of his own infallibility, and to make manifest our unanimity put his name to this instrument.

apers/ apers/ ers.htmlhttp://thomas.loc.gov/home/histdox/fedpap ers.html

Hammering Out a Bundle of Compromises After deciding to scrap the Articles of Confederation, what to do?

Political Negotiation “Great Compromise” –Upper house  2 delegates from each state –Lower house  based on population Federal Judicial System –States had own courts and feared losing this power –Convention left creation of system up to new national legislature Voting was not restricted to just property owners Upper house chosen by state legislatures President elected by an electoral college States and their legislatures had some power + the people had more direct power = acceptance of reduction of state sovereignty?

Compromises cont. Slavery –3/5 Compromise –Slave trade would exist for at least 20 years Separation of Powers –Federalism States and national government –Branches of government Legislative Executive Judicial Electoral College Constitutional Convention adjourned on 9/17/1787 -Constitution now had to be ratified by voters

George Mason’s Objections

"I have often looked at that behind the president without being able to tell whether it was rising or setting. But now I... know that it is a...sun."

Federalists’ Position Ratification by –Ratifying conventions in each state with popularly elected delegates or

Ratification 10 months of debate The Federalist (Papers) –Designed for NY –Used in VA also –Not intended to present all sides Constitution presented as favorable as possible –Conflicts and compromises reached not discussed –Feds better organized than Anti-Feds

Civic Virtue Citizens had to be willing to set aside their interests if it was necessary to do so for the common good Greatest danger = selfish pursuit of interests by groups of citizens (ignoring the common good) Vs.

Promoting Republicanism Constitution: –System of representation, separation of powers, and checks & balances protected common good

Counterarguments to B of R

Federalists Compromise Federalists agreed that the first Congress would draft a bill of rights to be added to the Constitution –Insisted on including a statement that the list of rights should not be interpreted to mean that they are the only rights the people had First This Then This

Compromise Federalists = Anti-Federalists =

Article VII 9 states needed to ratify