State-building, expansion and conflict Political structures and forms of governance Empires Nations and nationalism Revolts and revolutions Regional, transregional, and global structures and organizations

With the development of farming and cities, political organization became much more complex. Why?

FOUNDATIONS Hunter-Gatherers and Pastoral nomads have limited political structure.

Egypt and the Shang in China were highly centralized. They developed bureaucracies, dynasties, and used religion to justify the position of the rulers.

Classical empires were much more complex because they were so large. They had to invent new ways to keep their land together. How did the classical empires accomplish this?

Rome: At first a republic ruled by aristocrats w/ some shared power with the Senate and 2 consuls usually selected from the military. Later, an empire with focus on military conquest, colonization, and law codes. The ideal was to use principle of the rule of law; not the rule by the whim of the emperor. China: Mandate of Heaven, the emperor was the Sun of Heaven housed in the Forbidden City. Yellow Turban Revolt

What causes regionalism? Mauryan and Gupta gain power through the military. The greatest of the Mauryan kings was? Why?

Meanwhile, in Africa, the Bantu-based societies and others developed stateless societies which were A.centralized. B.decentralized. How do you know?

Post-Classical World

WEST AFRICA Ghana and Mali Became rich by taxing traders Powerful military (see a pattern here?) Mali first major leader Sundiata and later Mansa Musa

Islamic Empires After Muhammad’s death, the government set up rule by a Caliph. Abu Bakr was the first caliph supported by well-trained armies Aided by the weaknesses of the Persian and Byzantine empires

Pastoral nomads which means they are a _________ ___________? “Protect trade routes.” Sounds familiar doesn’t it? Organized into regional Khanates which were politically controlled by a relative with one main ruler known as the Great Khan.

TANG AND SONG DYNASTIES Equal–field system Strong support for transportation and communication Meritocracy Religion played a role Took tribute from their neighbors Hegemony over neighbors Expanded meritocracy Didn’t emphasize the military as much so not as much hegemony Trade, communication and transportation still important

YUAN Dynasty ruled by collecting tribute called Tax Farming. This outsourcing of tax collection led to corruption and rebellion and ultimately to their downfall.

Who really had the power in Japan? What do these names have in common? Fujiwara, Minamoto, Tokugawa The feudal system was less centralized than some areas, but more powerful than a local government. Political values emphasized what?

European Feudalism established political and military relationships.

Byzantium Justinian law codes the biggest legacy. The ruler was absolute in power and controlled the church as well. Russia Copied Justinian law codes and organized into a state by the 10 th c. in Kiev.

THE AMERICAS Maya: city-states w/ no central govt. Aztecs: central monarch in Tenochtitlan who didn’t have absolute power; a council of aristocrats made many decisions; no elaborate bureaucracy Inca: highly powerful centralized govt. the Inca owned all of the land; elaborate bureaucracy; road system enforced Inca’s power; quipu kept records

Power of nomads decreased because of sea trade’s rising importance. Major maritime powers were? Major Gunpowder Empires were?

The Ming defeat the Yuan. Establish trade and bureaucracy again! Send out trade expeditions to start collecting tribute again! Afraid of another invasion from the North and West…again! Begin to isolate themselves, because Confucian bureaucrats were xenophobic. Suffered from inept rulers who were isolated from the empire in the Forbidden City….again! Invaded by outsiders…again! Manchu take the name Qing…used Mandate of Heaven to justify… again!

WESTERN EUROPE The pope remained politically powerful. Treaty of Tordesillas! Kings begin to shake off feudalism and become more centralized by taking on absolutism. In Spain and Portugal they support exploration. Name those kings! Later, so do France and England.

Magna Carta 1215 listed the rights of the nobility and created Parliament. King Henry VIII Church and takes over the monasteries separates from the Catholic church. Elizabeth I defeats the Spanish Armada. After the English Civil War the power of the king is limited by the….of 1688 It greatly limited the power of the king AND allowed wealthier merchants to participate in the government

Louis XIV said, “L’stat c’est moi!” I AM THE STATE! Absolutely! Kings were not gods, but they were His lieutenants on earth. He greatly weakened the power of the nobles and the feudal system.

Absolutists Russia and Peter the Great Wanted to westernize Reformed military and created the navy Reorganized bureaucracy/took titles away from nobles Ottoman Empire under Suleyman the Magnificent (sultan) Used captured Christian boys as skilled soldiers and bureaucrats- Janissaries Grand Vizier

Colonies in the New World Spain and Portugal Developed large bureaucracies in urban areas Brought concepts of feudalism and absolutism with them English colonies had no bureaucracies Colonists et up their own structures like representative bodies and ran their own affairs…salutary neglect