Kinetic Theory of Matter

All matter is made of atoms which are constantly moving As energy is added, the atoms move faster Keep adding energy and the atoms keep picking up speed

Temperature The average speed of the atoms in a substance

Thermometer Equipment used to measure temperature When a thermometer is put in contact with a surface, the atoms of the substance and the atoms of the thermometer begin colliding. As they bump into each other, the atoms in the thermometer and the substance begin to travel at the same speed!

How does energy get transferred? When objects with 2 different temperatures are mixed, the faster atoms slow down and the slower atoms speed up.

History of the Thermometer One of the first known thermometers were invented by our old friend Galileo! He put a glass bulb at the end of a long tube. When the bulb was heated or cooled, liquid moved up and down the tube

Galileo’s First Thermometer 1593 AD

How does Galileo’s thermometer work? As atoms gain energy, they go faster As they go faster the atoms collide more vigorously As they begin to hit each other harder, they begin to bounce further apart. The object expands

History of the Thermometer What happens to the density of the oil as it is heated? Objects float according to density. If each globe has a slightly different density, it will float at a slightly different temperature! Does the volume change? Does the mass change? What happens to the density of the globe?

History of the Thermometer Unfortunately Galileo’s thermometers were not very accurate They were also too bulky to use for many experiments.

Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit 1724 The zero point is determined by placing the thermometer in a mixture of ice, water, and ammonium chloride, a salt. thermometerice ammonium chloridethermometerice ammonium chloride Dan was an EXPERT glassblower and sold measuring devices. He was familiar with Galileo’s idea, and new technology made it possible to invent a thinner glass tube and bulb.

Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit 1724 Daniel found some interesting facts Pure clean water ALWAYS freezes at 32 o on his thermometer Most people normally have the same temperature of 98.6 o Pure clean water ALWAYS boils at 212 o

Anders Celsius 1742 Anders didn’t like Fahrenheit’s system. The thermometers were great, but the numbers didn’t make any sense to him Reproducing the scale was difficult Doing Math calculations were difficult There was no pattern Sound familiar ?

Anders Celsius 1742 Anders started with a blank thermometer He used freezing water and made a mark He made this 0 o

He boiled water and made a second mark He made this 100 o Anders Celsius 1742 Anders started with a blank thermometer To finish the thermometer, make marks at equal increments

He called this the CENTIGRADE scale (centi means 1/100 th ) Anders Celsius 1742 Anders started with a blank thermometer

Mercury Toxic Absorbed through the skin Evaporates and can be breathed in More sensitive

Lord Kelvin 1848 Used Celsius’ thermometer, But started at the coldest temperature possible Absolute Zero − °C

Absolute Zero − °C Atoms overlap and form one big “Superatom” Material becomes a superconductor Chemical reactions may actually get FASTER?

How cold is it? The lowest temperature ever recorded was in September 2003, when scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology announced that they'd chilled a cloud of sodium atoms to a record-breaking 0.45 nanokelvin. The lowest temperature ever recorded was in September 2003, when scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology announced that they'd chilled a cloud of sodium atoms to a record-breaking 0.45 nanokelvin.Massachusetts Institute of Technologyrecord-breaking 0.45 nanokelvinMassachusetts Institute of Technologyrecord-breaking 0.45 nanokelvin (that’s K)

Converting Kelvin When using formulas for heat, temperature is usually measured in Kelvin K = o C o C = K - 273

Absolute Hot Planck temperaturePlanck temperature, which has the value of 1.4 x Kelvin. Planck temperature At this temperature all matter is destroyed into a mixed mush of indistinguishable hot atom sludge.

Absolute Hot Scientists have created the hottest temperature ever seen on earth - an astonishing four trillion degrees Celsius. (4x10 12 ) Scientists have created the hottest temperature ever seen on earth - an astonishing four trillion degrees Celsius. (4x10 12 ) The record breaking temperature is 250,000 times warmer than the centre of the sun and was last seen in the universe a split second after the Big Bang. The record breaking temperature is 250,000 times warmer than the centre of the sun and was last seen in the universe a split second after the Big Bang. The explosions lasted for less than a billionth of a second, in a giant atom smasher at New York's Brookhaven National Laboratory The explosions lasted for less than a billionth of a second, in a giant atom smasher at New York's Brookhaven National Laboratory Read more: Read more: /Scientists-create-hottest-temperature-Big-Bang times-warmer-centre-sun.html#ixzz1iUSa2AMMhttp:// /Scientists-create-hottest-temperature-Big-Bang times-warmer-centre-sun.html#ixzz1iUSa2AMM