Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 1 RELIGIONS AND PHILOSOPHIES OF ASIA PAGES , CHAPTER 8 AND 9

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 2 RELIGIONS IN CHINA

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. CONFUCIUS Kong Fuzi ( BCE) Master Philosopher Kong Upper class roots Unwilling to compromise principle Decade of wandering Returned home a failure, died soon thereafter Teachings: Analects- influenced political and cultural traditions 3

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. CONFUCIAN IDEAS Best way to promote good government was to fill official positions with individuals who were well educated and extraordinary conscientious Junzi: “superior individuals” Took broad view of public affairs Did not allow personal interests to influence their judgements Emphasis on Zhou Dynasty texts Believed it gave insight into human nature later formed core texts of Chinese education 4

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. CONFUCIAN VALUES Ren Kindness, benevolence, sense of humanity Li Propriety, treat all people with courtesy, while showing respect for elders Xiao Filial piety- strong emphasis on family Traits lead to development of junzi Ideal leaders 5

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. MENCIUS ( BCE) Principal Confucian scholar Optimist, belief in power of ren Not influential during lifetime Considered prime exponent of Confucian thought since 10 th century 6

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. XUNZI ( BCE) Career as government administrator Belief in fundamental selfishness of humanity Compare with Mencius Emphasis on li, rigid propriety discipline 7

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. DAOISM Critics of Confucianism Passivism, rejection of active attempts to change the course of events Founder: Laozi, 6 th c. BCE The Daodejing (Classic of Way and of Virtue) Zhuangzi (named for author, BCE) 8

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. THE DAO “The Way” (of nature, of the cosmos) Water: soft and yielding, but capable of eroding rock Cavity of pots, wheels: nonexistent, but essential 9

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS OF DAOISM Confucianism as public doctrine Daoism as private pursuit Ironic combination allowed intellectuals to pursue both 10

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. LEGALISM Emphasis on development of the state Ruthless, end justifies the means Role of Law Strict punishment for violators Principle of collective responsibility Focus on military service 11

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. LEGALIST DOCTRINE Two strengths of the state Agriculture Military Emphasized development of peasant, soldier classes Distrust of pure intellectual, cultural pursuits Historically, often imitated but rarely praised 12

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 13 RELIGIONS IN INDIA

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. RELIGIONS OF SALVATION IN CLASSICAL INDIA Social change generated resentment of caste privilege e.g. Brahmins free from taxation 6 th -5 th c. BCE new religions and philosophies challenge status quo Charvakas: atheists Jainists, Buddhists 14

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. JAINISM Vardhamana Mahavira, BCE Abandoned privileged family to lead ascetic life Promotes 7 th c. movement based on Upanishads Emphasis on selfless living, concern for all beings 15

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. AHIMSA Principle of extreme non-violence Ahimsa continues to inspire modern movements (Ghandi, Martin Luther King Jr.) 16

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. APPEAL OF JAINISM Rejected caste, jati distinctions Obvious appeal to underprivileged groups But asceticism too extreme to become a mass movement 17

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. EARLY BUDDHISM Siddhartha Gautama, c BCE Encountered age, sickness, death, then monastic life Abandoned comfortable life to become a monk 18

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. GAUTAMA’S SEARCH FOR ENLIGHTENMENT Intense meditation, extreme asceticism 49 days of meditation under bodhi tree to finally achieve enlightenment Attained title Buddha: “ the enlightened one ” 19

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. THE BUDDHA AND HIS FOLLOWERS Begins teaching new doctrine c. 528 BCE Followers owned only robes, food bowls Life of wandering, begging, meditation Establishment of monastic communities 20

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. BUDDHIST DOCTRINE: THE DHARMA The Four Noble Truths all life is suffering there is an end to suffering removing desire removes suffering this may be done through the Eight-fold path (right views, intention, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, concentration) 21

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. CHANGES IN BUDDHIST THOUGHT 3 rd c. BCE – 1 st c. CE Buddha considered divine Institution of Boddhisatvas ( “ saints ” ) Charitable donations to monasteries regarded as pious activity 22

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. SPREAD OF BUDDHISM Mahayana ( “ greater vehicle ” ), newer development India, China, Japan, Korea, central Asia Hinayana ( “ lesser vehicle, ” also Theravada), earlier version Ceylon, Burma, Thailand 23

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Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. THE BHAGAVAD GITA “ Song of the Lord ” Centuries of revisions, final form c. 400 CE Dialogue between Arjuna and Krishna during civil war 25

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. HINDU ETHICS Emphasis on meeting class obligations (dharma) Pursuit of economic well-being and honesty (artha) Enjoyment of social, physical and sexual pleasure (kama) Salvation of the soul (moksha) 26

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. HINDUISM 27

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. HINDUISM  Hindus are NOT polytheistic ◦ All the gods and goddess are various representations of Brahman ◦ Brahmans attributes are in the form of the deities  They are used to focus ones attention, devotion, or meditation so that they can be easily visualized 28

Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. HINDUSIM  The soul never dies but it continually reborn ◦ reincarnation  Person achieves happiness and moksha (enlightenment) after they free themselves from their earthy desires  3 paths to achieve moksha ◦ Path of right thinking- meditation and yoga ◦ Path of right action-karma ◦ Path of religious devotion  A person’s karma (good or bad deeds) follow them from one reincarnation to another 29