VERBAL MESSAGES

Verbal Messages Clarity and Ambiguity Use Unequivocal Terms to Avoid Misunderstandings Equivocal Terms: Terms with more than one meaning

High Level Abstraction: Statements that cover a broader range of possible objects or events without describing much detail. “Keep up the good work.” All, Never, Every, None, Always…

Use Lower-Level Abstractions When Clarity is Essential Low-level abstractions: highly specific statements that refer directly to objects or events that can be observed

Very general Problem Equipment Problem Breakdown of Copying machine Automatic paper feeder does not work Sheets Jammed in paper path Quite Specific

Use Jargon Judiciously Use Ambiguous Language When It Is Strategically Desirable

Avoid Biased Language Biased Language: Statements that seem to be objective but actually conceal an emotional bias. (Emotive Language) He’s long winded. She’s wishy-washy.

Beware of Trigger Words Words or statements that insight strong emotional associations. Used towards individuals, groups, issues, topics.

Masculine and Feminine Language Use Verbal Messages Masculine and Feminine Language Use Feminine Speech Rapport Talk: to create connections, establish goodwill, show support, and build community. Masculine Speech Report Talk: speech that focuses less on feelings and relationships and more on information, facts, knowledge, and competence.

Differences Between Women’s & Men’s Verbal Messages Differences Between Women’s & Men’s Language Use Women’s Style Rapport Expressive Supportive Tentative Conversational initiation and maintenance Men’s Style Report Instrumental Advising Certain Conversational control

Meeting Gender-Related Language Challenges Verbal Messages Meeting Gender-Related Language Challenges Be Aware of Different Styles Switch Styles, When Appropriate Combine Styles

Two Types of Sexual Harassment Recognized by Law Quid pro quo (“this for that”) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AOHuJ3TEoHM&list=PL757840538F8F5568 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_dvvzxJm8qA&list=PL757840538F8F5568 Hostile Work Environment http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VzNE3MafLqo&list=PL757840538F8F5568 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9rgAj1gDQIE&list=PL757840538F8F5568

Avoiding Sexual Harassment Problems Avoid language that could be considered offensive Avoid actions that could lead to discomfort

Responding to Sexual Harassment Consider Dismissing the Incident Ask the Harasser to Stop Keep a Diary Write a Personal Letter to the Harasser Ask a Friend to Intervene Complain Through Channels File a Legal Complaint

NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION Sending and receiving messages in a variety of ways without the use of verbal codes (words).  It is both intentional and unintentional.

Nonverbal Communication Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication Nonverbal Behavior Always Has Communicative Value Nonverbal Communication is Powerful Nonverbal Behavior Is Ambiguous Nonverbal Communication Primarily Expresses Attitudes Much Nonverbal Behavior is Culture-Bound

Nonverbal Communication Types of Nonverbal Communication Paralanguage- the vocal, but nonverbal, dimension of speech. Refers to the manner in which you say something rather than what you say

V. Paralanguage A. Rate B. Volume C. Pitch D. Rhythm E. Tone/Inflection F. Silence G. Disfluencies

I need this job done right now.

Body Communication Kinesics- The study of body position and motion

Body orientation- the degree to which we face toward or away from someone with our body, feet, and head Posture- the position of the body; alignment Gestures-movements of hands and arms

A. Emblems = are a nonverbal substitute for the verbal message

B. Illustrators = visually demonstrate & accompany the verbal message The fish was this big

C. Affect Displays = any emotional response

D. Regulators = group of behaviors that encourage or discourage communication

E. Adaptors = satisfy some need

II. Facial Communication = The communication of emotions Face Management Techniques Intensifying = exaggerate expression De-intensifying = to underplay an expression Neutralizing = to hide any expression of feelings Masking = to replace one expression with another

B. Facial Feedback Hypothesis = facial B. Facial Feedback Hypothesis = facial expressions influence physical arousal

A. Functions of Eye Contact III. Eye Communication A. Functions of Eye Contact seek feedback regulate the flow of communication 3. signal the nature of the relationship

b. visual dominance = aggressive stare

regulator B. Eye Avoidance 1. civil inattention = eye avoidance to maintain the privacy of others 2. signals a lack of interest regulator

IV. Haptics A. Meanings of Touch 1. Positive emotions 2. Playfulness Control Ritualistic 5. Task-related

1. high communication apprehension B. Touch Avoidance 1. high communication apprehension 2. under self-disclosures increased age 4. gender

Nonverbal Messages Space and Time

1. Intimate: 0 - 18” 2. Personal: 18” - 4’ Proxemics- The study of the way humans use space Edward T. Hall’s 4 Spatial Distances 1. Intimate: 0 - 18” 2. Personal: 18” - 4’

3. Social: 4’ -12’ 4. Public: 12-25’

B. Theories About Space 1. Protection Theory = you establish a body buffer zone around yourself as protection against unwanted touching or attack

Closeness Means Intimacy 2. Equilibrium Theory = intimacy and distance vary together Closeness Means Intimacy

Distance Means Nonintimate

if violated it brings the relationship into a clearer focus 3. Expectancy Violations Theory = we have expectations for distance if violated it brings the relationship into a clearer focus

II. Territoriality = possessive reaction to objects/area A. Home Field Advantage B. Markers 1. central = place items in the middle to show ownership

2. boundary = separates your territory from another

3. ear marker = identifying mark of property

III. Artifacts = messages conveyed by objects that were made by human hands A. Space Decoration B. Color Communication C. Clothing & Body Adornment

Appearance It matters how you look. Look for examples Be flexible Casual is not sloppy Dress for the job you want

D. Scent (Olfactics) 1. Attraction 2. Taste 3. Memory 4. Identification

III. Temporal Communication III. Temporal Communication Chronemics- The study of the way humans use time A. Cultural Time

1. formal time = manner in which culture defines time 2. informal time = loose use of time terms "soon"

B. Monochronism & Polychronism 1. monochronic (M-time) = value punctuality, one event at a time 2. polychronic (P-time) =process is more important than the schedule a. do not value punctuality b. do many events at once

Psychological Time = emphasis on past, present, or future. 1 Psychological Time = emphasis on past, present, or future 1. developed by your culture