Chapter 7 Carbon Chemistry

Forms of Carbon Electron-dot structure of carbon Diamond – hardest substance, all carbons are locked into position Graphite – sheets of carbon atoms that can slide over each other Fullerene – experimental compound composed of 60 carbon atoms

Organic Contains carbon Was once living Is a separate branch of chemistry having to do with carbon compounds

Hydrocarbon Compound composed of hydrogen and carbon Important as a fuel source

Formulas Molecular formula – gives the number of each type of atom in a compound Structural formula – also gives the arrangement of atoms in the compound (best because it provides more information)

Isomers – compounds that have the same molecular formula, but have a different structural formula (they are not the same compound)

Saturated and Unsaturated Unsaturated has double or triple bonds Saturated has all single bonds Alkane – single bond Alkene – double bond Alkyne – triple bond

Substituted Hydrocarbons A carbon compound that contains atoms other than just hydrogen Alcohol – contains an OH Organic acid – contains a COOH group

Functional Groups Are groups that replace the hydrogen of hydrocarbons to make different compounds. Examples: OH is alcohol, COOH is an acid Hydroxyl group is the OH (alcohol) Carboxyl group is the COOH (acid)

Biochemistry Polymers – huge molecules that contain thousands of atoms (Examples: wool, silk, plastic, polyester, protein) Digestion – when the body breaks down large organic molecules into smaller useful ones

4 Classes of Organic Compounds CarbohydratesLipidsProteins Nucleic acids

Carbohydrates Is an energy rich molecule made up of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen Sugars, starch, and cellulose are all carbohydrates Simple carbohydrates – sugars Complex carbohydrates – long chains of sugars (cellulose and starch) Starch and cellulose differ only in the bonding between sugar units

Proteins Muscles, hair, skin, and fingernails are all made of protein Made from carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur Proteins are polymers made up of amino acid building blocks Our body has 20 different amino acids that are linked together in different combinations to make different proteins

Lipids Energy rich compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Fats, oils, waxes, and cholesterol are all lipids Saturated hydrocarbons – contain only single bonds Unsaturated – contains double or triple, bonded carbons (can add more H 2 to the molecule)

Nucleic Acids Very large molecules made up of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus DNA and RNA are nucleic acids. The building blocks of nucleic acids are nucleotides

Vitamins Organic molecules that serve as helper molecules Vitamin C – keeps skin and gums healthy Vitamin D – helps develop bones and teeth Some minerals that the body needs are sodium, calcium, iron, iodine, and potassium (these are ions)