Regents Biology The Chemistry of Life What are living creatures made of? Why do we have to eat?

Regents Biology  96% of living organisms is made of: carbon (C) oxygen (O) hydrogen (H) nitrogen (N) Other trace elements Elements of Life

Regents Biology Molecules of Life  Put C, H, O, N together in different ways to build living organisms  What are bodies made of?  carbohydrates  sugars & starches  proteins  fats (lipids)  nucleic acids  DNA, RNA

Regents Biology Why do we eat?  We eat to take in more of these chemicals  Food for building materials  to make more of us (cells)  for growth  for repair  Food to make energy  calories  to make ATP ATP

Regents Biology What do we need to eat?  Foods to give you more building blocks & more energy  for building & running bodies  carbohydrates  proteins  fats  nucleic acids  vitamins  minerals, salts  water

Regents Biology  Water  65% of your body is H 2 O  water is inorganic  doesn’t contain carbon  Rest of you is made of carbon molecules  organic molecules  carbohydrates  proteins  fats  nucleic acids Don’t forget water

Regents Biology How do we make these molecules? We build them!

Regents Biology Building large molecules of life  Chain together smaller molecules  building block molecules = monomers  Big molecules built from little molecules  polymers

Regents Biology  Small molecules = building blocks  Bond them together = polymers Building large organic molecules

Regents Biology Building important polymers sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide Carbohydrates = built from sugars Proteins = built from amino acids Nucleic acids (DNA) = built from nucleotides amino acid amino acid – amino acid – amino acid – amino acid – amino acid –

Regents Biology How to build large molecules  Synthesis  building bigger molecules from smaller molecules  building cells & bodies  repair  growth  reproduction + ATP

Regents Biology How to take large molecules apart  Digestion  taking big molecules apart  getting raw materials  for synthesis & growth  making energy (ATP)  for synthesis, growth & everyday functions + ATP

Regents Biology Example of digestion starchglucose ATP  Starch is digested to glucose

Regents Biology Example of synthesis amino acidsprotein amino acids = building block protein = polymer  Proteins are synthesized by bonding amino acids

Regents Biology Penguins gone bad! Any Questions?

Regents Biology Old Food Pyramid

Regents Biology New Food Pyramid

Regents Biology Newest Food Pyramid-It’s a plate!

Regents Biology

Carbohydrates

Regents Biology Carbohydrates: OH H H HO CH 2 OH H H H OH O Energy molecules

Regents Biology Carbohydrates  Building block molecules = sugar sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar sugars

Regents Biology sucrose Carbohydrates  Function:  quick energy  energy storage  structure  cell wall in plants  Examples  sugars  starches  cellulose (cell wall) glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 starch

Regents Biology Sugars = building blocks  Names for sugars usually end in  glucose  fructose  sucrose  maltose OH H H HO CH 2 OH H H H OH O glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 sucrose fructose maltose -ose

Regents Biology Building carbohydrates  Synthesis | glucose | glucose 1 sugar = monosaccharide 2 sugars = disaccharide | maltose mono = one saccharide = sugar di = two

Regents Biology Building carbohydrates  Synthesis | fructose | glucose 1 sugar = monosaccharide | sucrose (table sugar) 2 sugars = disaccharide How sweet it is!

Regents Biology BIG carbohydrates  Polysaccharides  large carbohydrates  starch  energy storage in plants potatoes  glycogen  energy storage in animals in liver & muscles  cellulose  structure in plants cell walls  chitin  structure in arthropods & fungi exoskeleton poly = many

Regents Biology Building BIG carbohydrates glucose + glucose + glucose… = starch (plant) glycogen (animal) energy storage polysaccharide

Regents Biology Digesting starch vs. cellulose starch easy to digest cellulose hard to digest enzyme

Regents Biology Cellulose  Cell walls in plants  herbivores can digest cellulose well  most carnivores cannot digest cellulose  that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients  cellulose = roughage  stays undigested  keeps material moving in your intestines

Regents Biology Different Diets of Herbivores Cow can digest cellulose well; no need to eat other sugars Gorilla can’t digest cellulose well; must add another sugar source, like fruit to diet

Regents Biology Helpful bacteria  How can cows digest cellulose so well?  BACTERIA live in their stomachs & help digest cellulose-rich (grass) meals Eeeew… Chewing cud?

Regents Biology Fistula-easy access

Regents Biology High Fructose Corn Syrup Per capita consumption

Regents Biology HFCS-  Not all sugars are equally sweet  fructose 173% sucrose 100%->Table sugar glucose 74% maltose 33% galactose 33% lactose 16%  HFCS contains more fructose  Therefore, you need less  HFCS cheap due to federal subsidies

Regents Biology Let’s build/eat some Carbohydrates!