BIOCHEMISTRY Macromolecules

- Only one type of element - Cannot be chemically separated - More than one type of element chemically bonded together - Can only be chemically separated into elements

Glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 CO 2 H2H2 H2OH2O Fe Pb

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Compounds that contain carbon. Usually associated with living (BIOTIC) things. C

INORGANIC COMPOUNDS Compounds that DO NOT contain carbon. These are usually linked with non-living (ABIOTIC) things! C

POLYMER A giant molecule made of many smaller molecules (monomers)

FOUR GROUPS that make up ALL LIVING THINGS: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)

CARBOHYDRATES Examples: Sugars, starches, cellulose (fiber) FUNCTION: break down molecules to release energy & provide shape

CARBOHYDRATES Made up of : –Carbon –Hydrogen –Oxygen

CARBOHYDRATES cont. Monomer 1. monosaccharide – single sugar molecules ex. glucose

CARBOHYDRATES cont. Polymers Disaccharides – double sugar molecules ex. Fructose (fruit sugar) Polysaccharides – many sugar molecules ex: starch

Monosaccharide Disaccharide

Cellulose

LIPIDS Elements: 1. Carbon 2. Hydrogen 3. Oxygen Monomer: Fatty acid, glycerol Polymer: 3 Fatty acids, 1 glycerol

LIPIDS Examples: Fats, waxes, oils, phospholipids, steroids FUNCTION: Fats & oils – long term energy storage ex: Whales & blubber Insulate & repel water

PROTEIN Elements… 1. CARBON 2. HYDROGEN 3. OXYGEN 4. NITROGEN Example: Enzymes – proteins that speed up the rate of chemical reactions

PROTEIN Monomers = 1 amino acid Polymers = made of many amino acids (20). Functions: Build & repair tissue. Movement Structure Transport Defense Regulation

Protein

NUCLEIC ACIDS Monomer = nucleotides (a 5- carbon sugar + a nitrogenous base + a phosphate group). Polymer = many nucleotides Elements = C, H, O, N & P Functions Contain genetic information- DNA Control the activities of cells.

NUCLEIC ACIDS Examples: –DNA (carries the instructions to control the activities of a cell) –RNA (carries the instructions to make proteins)

Nucleotide Nucleic Acid

Testing for Nutrients Benedict Test – a test for monosaccharides; simple sugars like glucose or fructose (fruit sugar). In contact with monosaccharides, the Benedict solution turns from blue to green/orange/red.

Testing for Nutrients Benedict Test

Testing for Nutrients Biuret Test – uses a solution of potassium hydroxide and copper sulfate to test for protein. The Biuret solution turns pink/purple when proteins are present.

Testing for Nutrients Biuret Test

Testing for Nutrients Iodine – can be used to test for starch, a polysaccharide (complex sugar). Iodine turns dark purple in the presence of starch.

Testing for Nutrients Iodine Test No Starch Starch