Somatic Sensory Reflexes Neural Integration ANS Nervous System: IV Somatic Sensory Reflexes Neural Integration ANS
Nervous System Design Sensory Receptors in PNS CNS Motor Effectors Somatic: Tactile, Nocireceptors, Proprioceptors, Baroreceptors Special: Photoreceptors, Mechanoreceptors, Chemoreceptors CNS Spinal Cord Brainstem Cerebellum Thalamus Cerebral Cortex Motor Effectors Somatic Motor Autonomic Motor
Sensory Overview
CN: Special and Somatic Sensory
Somatic Sensory: Skin
Somatic Sensory: Proprioception
Dermatomes
Stretch Receptors
Golgi Tendon Organ
Intrafusal Fibers
Somatic Reflex Arc
Motor Response Neuromuscular Junction
Motor End Plate
Patellar Reflex: Monosynaptic
Polysynaptic Reflexes
Somatic Reflex Tests
Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves
PNS CNS for somatic sensory
Spinal Cord Gray and White Matter
Spinal Cord Histology Areas
Spinal Tract Names
Organization of Spinal Cord Segment
Spinal Tract Locations
Ascending Tracts: Specific Dorsal Column – Medial Lemniscus Localized touch Gradations of touch Vibratory sensations Proprioception Pressure sensations Fasciculus Cunneatus Upper Limbs Upper Trunk Neck Fasciculus Gracilis Lower limbs Inferior trunk
Ascending Tracts
Dorsal White Columns
Ascending Tracts: Nonspecific Anterolateral System Pain Temperature Crude touch Crude pressure Tickle / Itch Sexual sensations Spinothalamic tract Lateral Pain Temperature Anterior Crude Touch Crude Pressure
Spinothalamic Tracts
Localization of information: Spinal Nerve Input to Spinothalamic tract
Spinocerebellar Pathways Posterior Cerebellar Trunk, lower limb proprioceptors Tendon stretch Ascend on same side to inferior cerebellar peduncle Anterior Cerebellar Ascend and cross twice to anterior cerebellar peduncle
Spinocerebellar Tracts
Somatosensory Reflexes
Descending Motor Tracts Indirect / Extrapyramidal Tectospinal Coordinate reflexes to visual and auditory stimulus Vestibulospinal Muscle tone to extensors Posture and balance Rubrospinal Muscle tone to flexors Reticulospinal (A, M, L) Visceral motor tone Visceral motor functions Visceral reflexes Direct / Pyramidal Skeletal voluntary motor Corticobulbar CN motor Corticospinal Lateral Cross in medulla Anterior Cross in spinal cord
Descending Motor Tract Locations
Ventral White Matter Ventral White Axons leaving Gray Matter
Descending Motor Tract Functions
Corticospinal Tract Location
Corticospinal General Descending Pathway
Descending Somatic Pathway
Extra Pyramidal Tracts
Motor Tracts Compared
Basal Nuclei Adjust movement Rhythmic Cycles Communication Preparation Coordinate Rhythmic Cycles Subconscious control Alter motor commands Communication In Caudate Putamen Out Globus Pallidus Thalamus
Basal Nuclei Afferents Caudate and Putamen
Basal Nuclei Efferents Globus pallidus to Thalamus
Basal Nuclei Regulation Summary
Thalamic Nuclei: Ventrolateral Group
Thalamus: Ventral Group
Thalamus: Dorsolateral
Thalamus: Dorsomedial Group
Thalamus: Anterior Group
Thalamus: Pulvinar
Thalamus: Geniculates Medial Geniculate Lateral Geniculate
Problems
Spinal Nerve Rupture
Spinal Cord Tracts and related problems
Nervous System Organization: ANS
CNS and PNS for ANS
Somatic vs. Autonomic
Spinal Nerve Review
Pathways and Reflexes Compared for SNS and ANS
Lateral Gray Horn of Spinal Cord
ANS Divisions
Origins for Preganglionic ANS neurons
Postganglionic Neuron Pathways
Myelination vs Nonmyelination
ANS Motor
Preganglionic ANS neurons
Neuron Organization : Preganglionic Neurons, NT, and Receptors
Sympathetic NS
Lateral Gray Matter: ANS sensory and motor for Sympathetic Division
Sympathetic Chain
Sympathetic Chain Ganglia in cat
Sympathetic Chain Pathways
Thoracic Cord: Gray and White Ramus
Sympathetic Collateral Ganglia
Sympathetic Ganglion
Adrenal Medulla
Rami Communicans and Sympathetic Pathways
Ganglia Location
Parasympathetic NS
Parasympathetic Cranio-Sacral
Parasympathetic Ganglia
Parasympathetic Nerves Cranio CN III CN VII CN IX CN X Sacral Splanchnic N.
CN X
CN X Motor pathways
CN X: Innervation
CN X: Sensory Inputs and Pathways
Synapse and Varicosities
ANS Neurotransmitters
ANS neurotransmitter receptors
Nicotinic Receptors Receptor Location Effect Nicotinic ganglionic ANS ganglions Excitatory ANS postganglionic neurons Nicotinic Neuromuscular Junction Neuromuscular Junction Excitatory Skeletal m.
Muscarinic Receptors Receptor Location Effect Muscarinic M1 Sympathetic Postganglionics Ach Inhibit NE Relaxation of vascular Sm M. M2 Heart, Eye, GI, UG, Respiratory Inhibitory cAMP K+ influx M3 Vascular: dilation Exocrine Gland secretion PIP DAG, IP3
Catecholamine Receptors: Alpha Location Effects Alpha 1 Constriction of Vascular SmM & GI sphincters Pupillary dilation IP3/DAG Ca++ Alpha 2 Inhibits post ganglionic Gi inhibit cAMP
Catecholamine Receptors: Beta Location Effects Beta 1 excitatory Heart, brain, kidney Adenyl Cyclase cAMP Beta 2 Inhibits Vascular & Respiratory Sm M Excites Islet B Beta 3 Adipose cAMP
Parasympathetic Pathway Review
Cholenergic Neurotransmitters
ACh formation and recycling
Sympathetic Pathway Review
Adrenergic Neurotransmitters
Adrenergic Synapse
NT hydrolysis from Tyrosine
Enzymes in Catecholamine Formation
Catecholamine Breakdown Uptake I Reuptake of NE into presynaptic neuron Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) breakdown Uptake II Reuptake of NE into non-neuronal cells Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT) breakdown Glial cells Smooth Muscle Metabolites diffuse out MAO completes breakdown
NE
MAO Blocker
Chemicals in ANS Neurotransmitters Hormones ACh NE ATP VIP Dopamine Metenkephalin Neuropeptide-Y Hormones Epinephrine Prostaglandins
Visceral Reflex Arc
ANS Referred Pain reflexes
Lateral Spinothalamic Pathway: Pain
Ascending Spinal Cord Tracts for ANS
Thalamic VPL input from Spinothalamic
Sensory Homonculus
Referred Pain
ANS Controls
ANS pathways for Hypothalamic Control
Medulla Oblongata Controls
ANS tests
Generalized ANS effects
Dual Innvervation
Dual Innervation Example
Dual Innervation: Salivary Glands
ANS drugs
Clinical ANS Applications
Questions?