SENEGAL HISTORY AND CULTURE Prof. Mohamed Mbodj, Ph.D.

CONTENTS ❖ ANCIENT HISTORY ❖ MODERN HISTORY ❖ PRESENT TIMES ❖ MAIN ETHNIC GROUPS ❖ MAIN RELIGIONS ❖ CULTURE

ANCIENT HISTORY ❖ 150,000 YEARS ❖ DESICCATION OF THE SAHARA (4,500-5,500 YEARS AGO) ❖ GHANA / WAGADU (SONINKE - 4 TH C.) ON THE UPPER SENEGAL RIVER ❖ ISLAM – LATE 8 TH C. ❖ TAKRUR (FULANI – MUSLIM) IN THE 11 TH C. ❖ JOLOF EMPIRE – 11 TH C.-16 TH C. ❖ MALI EMPIRE – 13 TH C-15 TH C.

Megalith circles

MODERN HISTORY ❖ 1444 – PORTUGAL ❖ EUROPEAN COMPETITION – 1500s ❖ SLAVE TRADE ❖ DISLOCATION OF JOLOF ❖ SENEGAMBIAN STATES COMPETITION ❖ EURO-AFRICANS: SIGNARES ❖ FRENCH AND BRITISH RIVALRY ❖ FRENCH HEGEMONY OVERALL

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Signare

Signares Ball

❖ END OF THE SLAVE TRADE ❖ END OF SLAVERY ❖ START OF CASH CROP ECONOMY ❖ MUSLIM REVOLUTIONS ❖ MUSLIM RESISTANCE ❖ THE SUFI ORDERS ❖ FRENCH VICTORY & ACCOMMODATION ❖ SENEGAL: FRENCH BEACHEAD IN AFRICA ❖ CHRISTIANISM

Shaykh Ahmadu Bamba Founder of Muridiyyah

FRENCH COLONIALISM ❖ THE 4 COMMUNES (GOREE-SAINT LOUIS- RUFISQUE-DAKAR) ❖ THE DEMOCRATIC TRADITION ❖ THE PROTECTORATE ❖ GROUNDNUT AND ISLAM ❖ THE FUNDAMENTALS OF SENEGALESE POLITICS

Saint Louis

POST INDEPENDENCE THE SENGHOR ERA: ❖ THE MARABOUTS’ DOMINATION ❖ BENEVOLENT PATERNALISM ❖ AFRICAN SOCIALISM ❖ TYRANNY OF GROUNDNUT ❖ FRENCH “COOPERATION” ❖ CULTURE & POLITICS: NEGRITUDE

THE DIOUF ERA: ❖ A CRISIS OF LEGITIMACY ❖ THE GROUNDNUT CRISIS ❖ THE FAILURE OF A STATE LED ECONOMY ❖ STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENTS ❖ CHALLENGES TO THE MARABOUTS ❖ THE CASAMANCE CRISIS: 1983 ❖ OPEN DEMOCRACY ❖ SENEGAMBIA CONFEDERATION: ❖ SOCIAL UNREST IN THE CITIES ❖ THE IMPLOSION OF THE PS

THE WADE ERA: ❖ ECCLECTIC PDS ALLIANCE:DISSIDENTS YOUNG,URBAN,STUDENTS,MURID,LEFT ❖ LIBERAL ECONOMICS AND SOCIALIST HERITAGE ❖ NEPAD, INFRASTRUCTURES, GOANA (Grande Offensive Agricole Nourriture Abondance) ❖ VAGARIES OF COALITION POLITICS ❖ WEAKENING OF MARABOUTS POWER? ❖ THE SUCCESSION: RUMOURS, AMBITIONS, INTRIGUES, POPULISM, & CORRUPTION ❖ WHAT’S IN STORE?

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MAIN ETHNIC GROUPS ❖ Wolof ❖ Hal Pularen: Tukuler – Peul/Fulani ❖ Seerer ❖ Mandinka ❖ Joola ❖ Others

MAIN RELIGIONS ❖ Christians: Catholics - Protestants ❖ Muslims: Sufism – Brotherhoods Tijanniyya Muridiyya Qadiriyya Others ❖ Others: ?

CULTURE ❖ Family structure & life ❖ Education: traditional & modern ❖ Entertainment ❖ Cinematography: Ousmane Sembene ❖ Sculpture: Ousmane Sow ❖ Music: Youssou Ndour ❖ Sports:wrestling-soccer-basketball-checkers

Mohamed Ndao Tyson

Ousmane Sow: Mother and Child Victor Hugo

Akon