Ignacio A. Ciampitti, Cropping Systems Specialist K-State Research & Extension (TWITTER)

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Presentation transcript:

Ignacio A. Ciampitti, Cropping Systems Specialist K-State Research & Extension (TWITTER)

Unraveling the Physiological Puzzle of Maize Yield Formation and Plant Nutrient Uptake Processes Total Plant BM Grain HI Nutrient HI Grain Nutrient Uptake= GY * %Nug Source: CYMMIT Nutrient Uptake © IA Ciampitti, K-State Univ

Gap #1: Relationship between Yield and N uptake Review Paper: 100 reports (~3000 treatment means) Hybrid Era ( vs ) Community-LevelPlant-Level © IA Ciampitti, K-State Univ Ciampitti and Vyn (2012, Review Paper, Field Crops Research 133, 48-67)

Gap #2: Dry Matter and N Partitioning at Maturity Review Paper: Hybrid Era ( vs ) Ciampitti and Vyn (2012, Review Paper, Field Crops Research 133, 48-67) © IA Ciampitti, K-State Univ

Gap #3: Effect on NIE and Grain N Concentration Review Paper: Hybrid Era ( vs ) Ciampitti and Vyn (2012, Review Paper, Field Crops Research 133, 48-67) © IA Ciampitti, K-State Univ

Gap #4: Yield and Plant N Uptake versus N rate Review Paper: Hybrid Era ( vs ) ~1 Mg ha -1 ~2 © IA Ciampitti, K-State Univ Ciampitti and Vyn (2012, Review Paper, Field Crops Research 133, 48-67)

FIELD RESEARCH: NUTRIENT UPTAKE in CORN © IA Ciampitti, K-State Univ Ciampitti and Vyn (2014, Field Research, Crop Management Journal 1-7)

Plant Growth and Nutrient Uptake (Grain Yield = 210 bu/acre) “Biomass and Nitrogen” >50% of the total biomass was accumulated at flowering; while >65% of N was already present at the same stage. © IA Ciampitti, K-State Univ Ciampitti and Vyn (2014, Field Research, Crop Management Journal 1-7)

FIELD RESEARCH Functional Physiological Framework Plant Biomass (BM) Plant N Uptake (PNU) Leaf Area Index (LAI) (LAI)

Physiological N adaptations: Vegetative Period GAP #1: At equivalent LAI, N storage capacity is mainly reduced as the N supply was diminished, regardless density and genotypes. Minor ∆Maximum LAI GAP #1: GAP #1: Is the N storage more affected than Leaf Expansion? Ciampitti et al. (2013, Vegetative NUE, Crop Science 53: ) © IA Ciampitti, K-State Univ

GAP #2: GAP #2: Are the leaf and stem mass and N ratios modified? 0N 112N 224N Nitrogen rate Plant density PD1 PD2 PD3 V15 Stage R1 Stage Dry Mass Ratio (g g -1 ) i. Leaf to Stem Ratios at Equivalent Stage N Uptake Ratio (g g -1 ) 0N 112N 224N Plant density PD1 PD2 PD3 V15 Stage R1 Stage Ciampitti et al. (2013, Vegetative NUE, Crop Science 53: ) © IA Ciampitti, K-State Univ Leaf:Stem Dry Mass Ratio increased (+leaf vs. stem) as plant density increased. Leaf:Stem N Uptake increased as plant density increased, but also as N is more deficient. Leaf:Stem Dry Mass Ratio increased (+leaf vs. stem) as plant density increased. Leaf:Stem N Uptake increased as plant density increased, but also as N is more deficient. Physiological N adaptations: Vegetative Period

ii. Leaf and Stem at Comparable Mass Level GAP #2: At equivalent mass, dry mass partition was not affected, but with detrimental influence over the plant %N components. Stem Mass= 2/3 Total Plant Leaf Mass= 1/3 Total Plant Physiological N adaptations: Vegetative Period Ciampitti et al. (2013, Vegetative NUE, Crop Science 53: )

Potential and Actual Kn GAP #3: GAP #3: Effect over potential kernel number and failure rate? C and N Allocation Plant Density Physiological N adaptations: Reproductive Period GAP #3: Minimum impact over PKn, large over KFR. The KFR’s behavior is tightly related to ear C and N gains. Ciampitti et al. (2013, Reproductive NUE, Crop Science 53: ). © IA Ciampitti, K-State Univ

GAP #4: GAP #4: Effects over Vegetative and Reproductive N uptake versus the Reproductive Shoot N remobilization rate. Slope ~0.70X (0-112N) ~0.64X (224N) Intercepts ~2.3 (0N) ~2.7 ( N) Slope -0.31X (0N) -0.64X (112N) -0.96X (224N) © IA Ciampitti, K-State Univ Ciampitti et al. (2013, Reproductive NUE, Crop Science 53: ). Physiological N adaptations: Reproductive Period

NUE: Physiological explanation NUE(isolines) Plant Biomass Grain %N Plant Biomass and Grain %N Superior NUE resulted from combinations of higher GY and lower grain %N regardless the treatment factors evaluated. © IA Ciampitti, K-State Univ

General Conclusions -From the review analysis: -i) newer hybrids presented greater tolerance to N deficiency and responsiveness as the N rate applied increased as compared to older materials -ii) superior NUE (also NIE) for newer materials can be explained by a lowering grain %N as compared to older genotypes. severe stresses -Under severe stresses (crowding intensity and N deficiency intensifies): Vegetative Period Vegetative Period Reproductive Period Reproductive Period = LAI, ↓ N uptake capacity, ↓ ↓ stem N reservoir, minor leaf %N minor PKn, ↓ ↓ KFR, ↓ N uptake, ↑ early Shoot N Remobilization © IA Ciampitti, K-State Univ

Future Paths (plant perspective) Increase overall maize N uptake (NUE) Vegetative 1- Vegetative N uptake (A- improvements in LAI by density changes or B- increasing leaf number or size) Reproductive 2- Reproductive N uptake i) Changes in Sink Strength, Grain %N (Protein zein/glutelin) ii) Changes in NHI (trait stability under low N uptake levels) iii) Prolific hybrids with functional stay green trait iv) Flexible traits: to overcome the reported N uptake trade-off v) Study using maize landraces for natural NHI variability © IA Ciampitti, K-State Univ

At plant-scale: Vegetative N vs. Grain Yield Vegetative N status was tightly related to the final per-plant grain yield achieved at maturity. Prolific and Semi- Prolific Materials Sayre, 1948 Chandler, 1960 Karlen, 1988 Ciampitti & Vyn, 2012 Ciampitti et al., 2014 Balboa and Ciampitti, 2015 © IA Ciampitti, K-State Univ CIAMPITTI & VYN, 2012

In the Path of finding the solution for the Puzzle Grain HI NHI Plant N Uptake Total Plant BM High N Use Efficiency CropProductivity Dr. Ignacio Antonio Ciampitti Assistant Professor Crop Production/ Cropping Systems Agronomy Department Kansas State University © K-State Univ, IA Ciampitti

Dr. Ignacio Antonio Ciampitti Assistant Professor Crop Production/ Cropping Systems Agronomy Department Kansas State /KSUCROPS © K-State Univ, IA Ciampitti Ignacio A. Ciampitti, K-State Univ Crop Production Specialist

N allocation to the Ear GAP #3: GAP #3: ii. Is the ear strength associated with N allocation? Reproductive N Uptake EAR STRENGTH= Kn * (Kw/TT from silking to maturity ) Kn= Kernel Number, Kw=Kernel Weight, TT= thermal time units High stress scenario: 0N plus HPD High stress scenario: 0N plus HPD Ignacio Antonio Ciampitti Ph.D.’s Defense June 18 th, 2012 Gaps: ReviewField experimentResultsConclusionFuture Paths

© IA Ciampitti, K-State Univ GAP #5:Grain Nutrient Removal Coefficients? GAP #5: Grain Nutrient Removal Coefficients? N removal GY, Mg ha / 15/ 20 NU, kg ha / 200/ 260 Non-Stress Factors, N REMOVAL (from FITTED LINE): N-limiting factor (dilution process) Y = X IF N is limiting, N REMOVAL: N removal GY, Mg ha / 19/ 25 NU, kg ha / 200/ 260 Yield is limited (accumulation process) Y = X IF Yield is limited, N REMOVAL: N removal GY, Mg ha / 11/ 14 NU, kg ha / 200/ 260