Outline for the next 2 weeks Habitat loss, degradation and fragmentation changes to the landscape evaluating the impacts Guest – Species at Risk –Steph Hazlitt (BC) Guest – Conservation – a Mexican perspective Edge effects Ecological Traps Guest – Species at Risk – Dave Toews (Fed.)

SOME TERMINOLOGY Habitat loss - major change to habitat - all spp adversely affected - timespan for recovery v long Habitat degradation - change that affects many but not all species - may be temporary Habitat transformation/conversion - refers to process of change

How important is habitat loss? Fig 3.6 text Habitat loss is the biggest threat to terrestrial threatened species

How much habitat has been lost? DATA: Millenium ecosystem assessment Fig. 6.1 text

How much habitat has been lost? DATA: Millenium ecosystem assessment AQUATIC SYSTEMS Coral reefs:20% LOST + 20% DEGRADED Mangroves:35% of assessed systems destroyed in last 20yrs Freshwater: 3-6 X more is stored behind dams and in reservoirs than flows in the world’s rivers

Coral Reef – Degradation CO2 Currently 380ppm - 80 higher than any time in last 420,000 yrs Predicted 500 ppm by end of century ---> global temperature increase of 2C Response Reef-building coral will be pushed close to their thermal limit Carbonate levels will drop below those to sustain coral reef accretion Increased bleaching/disease/mortality

Huegh-Guldberg et al Science 318:

Major causes of habitat loss and degradation Agriculture (conversion to crops, livestock) Extraction (mining, fisheries,forestry) Development Fig 6.9 text DATA: Birdlife International

Habitat loss: agriculture Grasslands, savannas and shrublands -cover 40.5% of earth’s surface -ideal for agriculture and livestock Dark areas - >30% landscape is cultivated

Habitat loss: deforestation Forests Global - 50% of pre-agricultural cover lost in 300 yrs Tropical ’s Africa lost 8% of its forested area -current loss 100,000 km 2 per year Canada - 10,000 km 2 per year

Habitat loss and habitat fragmentation Fragmentation (process) has two components: 1) reduction in habitat amount 2) change in habitat configuration increase in number of patches decrease in size of patches increase in isolation

Habitat loss with different effects on Number of patches Mean patch size Mean isolation DOES IT MATTER?

core CORE EDGE Patch number and size also changes the ratio of edge:core habitat

Edge habitat increases with fragmentation Length of edge % deformation Number of patches

habitat matrix Habitat loss Habitat loss + fragmentation Number patches Mean patch size Mean isolation Habitat loss + fragmentation+ change in habitat quality at edge

Theoretical effects of habitat loss Eg Jansson and Angelstam 1999

Theoretical effects of fragmentation per se +velandscape complementarity via access to multiple resources stability of single species dynamics via asynchronous disturbances stability of 2-competitor systems via trade-off in competitive and dispersal ability temporary refugia -ve patch size and resource limitation edge effects

What approaches can be taken to disentangle the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation ie changes in habitat configuration

Statistical methods to assess effects Residuals - unexplained variation after controlling for change in patch size or total edge due to loss of habitat

Statistical methods to assess effects Eg Villard et al regions in Ontario 33 landscapes (2.5kmx2.5km) Measured % forest cover total length of edge mean distance to next patch presence/absence 15 bird spp

Statistical methods to assess effects Cover - 6 spp Edge - 4 spp Isolation 1 spp MESSAGE OF PAPER Both cover and configuration predict presence Responses are species specific Effects were not characterized by thresholds

Habitat Loss - Fragmentation - what is happening core CORE EDGE

Fragmentation: understanding the process Edge habitat will be impacted by biotic factors resource availability will change within patch and outside patches species interactions will change predation/herbivory/parasitism

Edge habitat is also modified by: abiotic factors (wind, water fluxes, solar radiation) ---> change in vegetation structure microclimate ground cover Eg pacific northwest tree mortality and blowdown is higher humidity is reduced physical effects extend >200m into forest

Edges and animal distributions eg 1 Coastal scrub, California Matrix - urban Increased run-off Reduced native spp cover ---> increased abundance Argentine ant reduced native ant diversity Suarez et al Ecol

Edges and animal distributions eg 2 and 3 Manaus, Brazil Reduced overstory Increased understory Higher temp Reduced moisture Wog Wog, Australia Increased tree fall Higher temp Reduced leaf litter, Edges have different beetle communites Edge effects on inverts +ve and -ve

Edges and animal distributions Edge effects on mammals are often +ve or neutral Why? Foraging opportunities at edge or adjacent areas + taller vegetation for other needs DeerBatsDeer mice Martens and Weasels

Edges and animal distributions Edge effects on Mammals can be –ve Atlantic rainforest Southeastern Brazil Primates are hunted - “bush meat” Hunting extends several km in from edges Hunting major cause of extirpation from small patches

Area-sensitive songbirds Are more sensitive to the edge:core ratio 0/16 spp breed 6/16 species breed

Edge effects on birds – biotic factors Predation - early data Andren and Angelstam 1988 Sweden Wilcove et al Eastern North America

Edge effects on birds – biotic factors Parasitism-early data Gates and Gysel 1978 Ecology 59: Nests at edges suffer higher rates of brood parasitism which reduces fledging success Increasing distance from edge

Take home messages Habitat loss is a major threat to biodiversity Habitat loss also leads to fragmentation Fragmentation influences patch size and configuration Abiotic/biotic effects modify edges Statistical and experimental methods can disentangle the effects of loss and fragmentation