Lecture 4 Quantum Phase Transitions and the microscopic drivers of structural evolution.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Collective properties of even- even nuclei Vibrators and rotors With three Appendices.
Advertisements

Shell Model and Collective Models in Nuclei Experimental and theoretical perspectives R. F. Casten WNSL, Yale Univ. RIKEN, January, 2010.
Valence shell excitations in even-even spherical nuclei within microscopic model Ch. Stoyanov Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy Sofia,
HL-3 May 2006Kernfysica: quarks, nucleonen en kernen1 Outline lecture (HL-3) Structure of nuclei NN potential exchange force Terra incognita in nuclear.
Delta-hole effects on the shell evolution of neutron-rich exotic nuclei Takaharu Otsuka University of Tokyo / RIKEN / MSU Chiral07 Osaka November 12 -
Development of collective behavior in nuclei Results primarily from correlations among valence nucleons. Instead of pure “shell model” configurations,
More General IBA Calculations Spanning the triangle How to use the IBA in real life.
Single Particle and Collective Modes in Nuclei Lecture Series R. F. Casten WNSL, Yale Sept., 2008.
Review Short range force, Pauli Principle  Shell structure, magic numbers, concept of valence nucleons Residual interactions  favoring of 0 + coupling:
Shell Model and Collective Models in Nuclei Experimental and theoretical perspectives R. F. Casten WNSL, Yale Univ. RIKEN, January, 2010.
Lectures on Nuclear Structure – What nuclei do and why: An empirical overview from a simple perspective CERN, July 2013 Richard F. Casten Yale University.
The proton-neutron interaction and the emergence of collectivity in atomic nuclei R. F. Casten Yale University BNL Colloquium, April 15, 2014 The field.
John Daoutidis October 5 th 2009 Technical University Munich Title Continuum Relativistic Random Phase Approximation in Spherical Nuclei.
Multipole Decomposition of Residual Interactions We have seen that the relative energies of 2-particle systems affected by a residual interaction depend.
Semi-magic seniority isomers and the effective interactions
Nuclear Low-lying Spectrum and Quantum Phase Transition Zhipan Li School of Physical Science and Technology Southwest University 17th Nuclear Physics Workshop,
Introduction to Nuclear Physics
How nuclei behave: a simple perspective based on symmetry and geometry (with a discussion of the microscopic drivers of structural evolution) R. F. Casten.
Masses (Binding energies) and the IBA Extra structure-dependent binding: energy depression of the lowest collective state.
(An outgrowth of our studies of shape/phase transitions and empirical signatures for them) A) An enhanced link between nuclear masses and structure B)
IBA Lecture 3. Mapping the entire triangle Technique of orthogonal crossing contours (OCC)
IBA Lecture part 2. Most general IBA Hamiltonian in terms with up to four boson operators (given N) IBA Hamiltonian Mixes d and s components of the wave.
Nuclei with more than one valence nucleon Multi-particle systems.
More on Collective models Microscopic drivers: Valence p-n interactions Simply estimating the properties of nuclei Exotic nuclei.
1 New formulation of the Interacting Boson Model and the structure of exotic nuclei 10 th International Spring Seminar on Nuclear Physics Vietri sul Mare,
Collective Model. Nuclei Z N Character j Q obs. Q sp. Qobs/Qsp 17 O 8 9 doubly magic+1n 5/ K doubly magic -1p 3/
原子核配对壳模型的相关研究 Yanan Luo( 罗延安 ), Lei Li( 李磊 ) School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin Yu Zhang( 张宇 ), Feng Pan( 潘峰 ) Department of Physics, Liaoning.
The Algebraic Approach 1.Introduction 2.The building blocks 3.Dynamical symmetries 4.Single nucleon description 5.Critical point symmetries 6.Symmetry.
1 Proton-neutron pairing by G-matrix in the deformed BCS Soongsil University, Korea Eun Ja Ha Myung-Ki Cheoun.
Interpreting and predicting structure Useful interpretative models; p-n interaction Second Lecture.
Chiral phase transition and chemical freeze out Chiral phase transition and chemical freeze out.
A new statistical scission-point model fed with microscopic ingredients Sophie Heinrich CEA/DAM-Dif/DPTA/Service de Physique Nucléaire CEA/DAM-Dif/DPTA/Service.
Surrey Mini-School Lecture 2 R. F. Casten. Outline Introduction, survey of data – what nuclei do Independent particle model and residual interactions.
Shell Model with residual interactions – mostly 2-particle systems Start with 2-particle system, that is a nucleus „doubly magic + 2“ Consider two identical.
Wright Nuclear Structure Laboratory, Yale Quantum Phase Transitions in Nuclear Physics R. F. Casten, WNSL, Yale.
Radiochemistry Dr Nick Evans
Lecture 23: Applications of the Shell Model 27/11/ Generic pattern of single particle states solved in a Woods-Saxon (rounded square well)
Shell Model with residual interactions – mostly 2-particle systems Simple forces, simple physical interpretation Lecture 2.
The Nuclear Shell Model A Review of The Nuclear Shell Model By Febdian Rusydi.
Quantum Phase Transitions (QPT) in Finite Nuclei R. F. Casten June 21, 2010, CERN/ISOLDE.
E. Sahin, G. de Angelis Breaking of the Isospin Symmetry and CED in the A  70 mass region: the T z =-1 70 Kr.
Nuclear and Radiation Physics, BAU, 1 st Semester, (Saed Dababneh). 1 Shell model Notes: 1. The shell model is most useful when applied to closed-shell.
Shell structure: ~ 1 MeV Quantum phase transitions: ~ 100s keV Collective effects: ~ 100s keV Interaction filters: ~ keV Binding energies, Separation.
July 29-30, 2010, Dresden 1 Forbidden Beta Transitions in Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay Kazuo Muto Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology.
Some (more) High(ish)-Spin Nuclear Structure Paddy Regan Department of Physics Univesity of Surrey Guildford, UK Lecture 2 Low-energy.
High-precision mass measurements below 48 Ca and in the rare-earth region to investigate the proton-neutron interaction Proposal to the ISOLDE and NToF.
F. C HAPPERT N. P ILLET, M. G IROD AND J.-F. B ERGER CEA, DAM, DIF THE D2 GOGNY INTERACTION F. C HAPPERT ET AL., P HYS. R EV. C 91, (2015)
Correlations in Structure among Observables and Enhanced Proton-Neutron Interactions R.Burcu ÇAKIRLI Istanbul University International Workshop "Shapes.
Quantum phase transitions and structural evolution in nuclei.
Quantum Phase Transitions in Nuclei
R.Burcu Cakirli*, L. Amon, G. Audi, D. Beck, K. Blaum, Ch. Böhm, Ch. Borgmann, M. Breitenfeldt, R.F. Casten, S. George, F. Herfurth, A. Herlert, M. Kowalska,
Nuclear structure research at ISOLTRAP 17th of November 2008 Dennis Neidherr University of Mainz Outline:  Motivation for our measurements  Xe/Rn results.
Nuclear Low-lying Spectrum and Quantum Phase Transition 李志攀 西南大学物理科学与技术学院.
Pairing Evidence for pairing, what is pairing, why pairing exists, consequences of pairing – pairing gap, quasi-particles, etc. For now, until we see what.
Determining Reduced Transition Probabilities for 152 ≤ A ≤ 248 Nuclei using Interacting Boson Approximation (IBA-1) Model By Dr. Sardool Singh Ghumman.
The role of isospin symmetry in medium-mass N ~ Z nuclei
Shape parameterization
Shell-model calculations for the IoI —a review from a personal point of view Yutaka Utsuno Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency.
Nuclear Structure Tools for Continuum Spectroscopy
Structure and dynamics from the time-dependent Hartree-Fock model
Emmanuel Clément IN2P3/GANIL – Caen France
Surrey Mini-School Lecture 2 R. F. Casten
Isospin Symmetry test on the semimagic 44Cr
Nuclear Chemistry CHEM 396 Chapter 4, Part B Dr. Ahmad Hamaed
PHL424: Shell model with residual interaction
Kernfysica: quarks, nucleonen en kernen
Multipole Decomposition of Residual Interactions
a non-adiabatic microscopic description
Superheavy nuclei: relativistic mean field outlook
Shape-coexistence enhanced by multi-quasiparticle excitations in A~190 mass region 石跃 北京大学 导师:许甫荣教授
Presentation transcript:

Lecture 4 Quantum Phase Transitions and the microscopic drivers of structural evolution

Quantum phase transitions and structural evolution in nuclei

Vibrator RotorTransitional E β Quantum phase transitions in equilibrium shapes of nuclei with N, Z For nuclear shape phase transitions the control parameter is nucleon number Potential as function of the ellipsoidal deformation of the nucleus

Nuclear Shape Evolution  - nuclear ellipsoidal deformation (  is spherical) Vibrational Region Transitional Region Rotational Region Critical Point Few valence nucleons Many valence Nucleons New analytical solutions, E(5) and X(5) R 4/2 = 3.33R 4/2 = ~2.0

Bessel equation Critical Point Symmetries First Order Phase Transition – Phase Coexistence E E β  Energy surface changes with valence nucleon number Iachello X(5)

Casten and Zamfir

Comparison of relative energies with X(5)

Based on idea of Mark Caprio

Li et al, 2009 Flat potentials in  validated by microscopic calculations

Potential energy surfaces of 136,134,132 Ba 136 Ba 134 Ba 132 Ba × minimum × × × × × 100keV (N,N  )= (-2,6) (-4,6) (-6,6) More neutron holes Shimizu et al

Isotope shifts Li et al, 2009 Charlwood et al, 2009

Look at other N=90 nulei

Where else? In a few minutes I will show some slides that will allow you to estimate the structure of any nucleus by multiplying and dividing two numbers each less than 30 (or, if you prefer, you can get the same result from 10 hours of supercomputer time)

Where we stand on QPTs Muted phase transitional behavior seems established from a number of observables. Critical point solutions (CPSs) provide extremely simple, parameter-free (except for scales) descriptions that are surprisingly good given their simplicity. Extensive work exists on refinements to these CPSs. Microscopic theories have made great strides, and validate the basic idea of flat potentials in  at the critical point. They can also now provide specific predictions for key observables.

Proton-neutron interactions A crucial key to structural evolution

Valence Proton-Neutron Interaction Development of configuration mixing, collectivity and deformation – competition with pairing Changes in single particle energies and magic numbers Partial history: Goldhaber and de Shalit (1953); Talmi (1962); Federman and Pittel ( late 1970’s); Casten et al (1981); Heyde et al (1980’s); Nazarewicz, Dobacewski et al (1980’s); Otsuka et al( 2000’s) and many others. Microscopic perspective

Sn – Magic: no valence p-n interactions Both valence protons and neutrons Two effects Configuration mixing, collectivity Changes in single particle energies and shell structure

Concept of monopole interaction changing shell structure and inducing collectivity

A simple signature of phase transitions MEDIATED by sub-shell changes Bubbles and Crossing patterns

Seeing structural evolution Different perspectives can yield different insights Onset of deformation as a phase transition mediated by a change in shell structure Mid-sh. magic “Crossing” and “Bubble” plots as indicators of phase transitional regions mediated by sub-shell changes

Often, esp. in exotic nuclei, R 4/2 is not available. A easier-to-obtain observable, E(2 1 + ), in the form of 1/ E(2 1 + ), can substitute equally well

Shell structure: ~ 1 MeV Quantum phase transitions: ~ 100s keV Collective effects ~ 100 keV Interaction filters ~ keV Total mass/binding energy: Sum of all interactions Mass differences: Separation energies shell structure, phase transitions Double differences of masses: Interaction filters Masses: Macro Micro Masses and Nucleonic Interactions

Measurements of p-n Interaction Strengths  V pn Average p-n interaction between last protons and last neutrons Double Difference of Binding Energies  V pn (Z,N) = ¼ [ {B(Z,N) - B(Z, N-2)} - {B(Z-2, N) - B(Z-2, N-2)} ] Ref: J.-y. Zhang and J. D. Garrett

 Vpn (Z,N) = ¼ [ {B(Z,N) - B(Z, N-2)} - {B(Z-2, N) - B(Z-2, N-2)} ] p n p n Int. of last two n with Z protons, N-2 neutrons and with each other Int. of last two n with Z-2 protons, N-2 neutrons and with each other Empirical average interaction of last two neutrons with last two protons Valence p-n interaction: Can we measure it?

Orbit dependence of p-n interactions  High j, low n Low j, high n

 Z  82, N < Z > 82, N < Z > 82, N > 126 High j, low n Low j, high n

208 Hg

Can we extend these ideas beyond magic regions?

Away from closed shells, these simple arguments are too crude. But some general predictions can be made p-n interaction is short range similar orbits give largest p-n interaction HIGH j, LOW n LOW j, HIGH n Largest p-n interactions if proton and neutron shells are filling similar orbits

Empirical p-n interaction strengths indeed strongest along diagonal.  High j, low n Low j, high n New mass data on Xe isotopes at ISOLTRAP – ISOLDE CERN Neidherr et al., PR C, 2009 Empirical p-n interaction strengths stronger in like regions than unlike regions.

Direct correlation of observed growth rates of collectivity with empirical p-n interaction strengths p-n interactions and the evolution of structure

Exploiting the p-n interaction Estimating the structure of any nucleus in a trivial way (example: finding candidat6e for phase transitional behavior) Testing microscopic calculations

The N p N n Scheme and the P-factor If the p-n interaction is so important it should be possible to use it to simplify our understanding of how structure evolves. Instead of plotting observables against N or Z or A, plot them against a measure of the p-n interaction. Assume all p-n interactions are equal. How many are there: Answer: N p x N n A simple microscopic guide to the evolution of structure

General p – n strengths For heavy nuclei can approximate them as all constant. Total number of p – n interactions is N p N n Compeition between the p-n interaction and pairing: the P-factor Pairing: each nucleon interacts with ONLY one other – the nucleon of the same type in the same orbit but orbiting in the opposite direction. So, the total number of pairing interactions scales as the number of valence nucleonss.

  NpNnNpNn p – n P N p + N n pairing What is the locus of candidates for X(5) p-n / pairing P ~ 5 Pairing int. ~ 1.5 MeV, p-n ~ 300 keV p-n interactions per pairing interaction Hence takes ~ 5 p-n int. to compete with one pairing int.

Comparison with the data

W. Nazarewicz, M. Stoitsov, W. Satula Microscopic Density Functional Calculations with Skyrme forces and different treatments of pairing Realistic Calculations

Agreement is remarkable. Especially so since these DFT calculations reproduce known masses only to ~ 1 MeV – yet the double difference embodied in  Vpn allows one to focus on sensitive aspects of the wave functions that reflect specific correlations

The new Xe mass measurements at ISOLDE give a new test of the DFT

SKPDMIX  V pn (DFT – Two interactions) SLY4MIX

So, now what? Go out and measure all 4000 unknown nuclei? No way!!! Choose those that tell us some physics, use simple paradigms to get started, use more sophisticated ones to probe more deeply, and study the new physics that emerges. Overall, we understand these beasts (nuclei) only very superficially. Why do this? Ultimately, the goal is to take this quantal, many-body system interacting with at least two forces, consuming 99.9% of visible matter, and understand its structure and symmetries, and its microscopic underpinnings from a fundamental coherent framework. We are progressing. It is your generation that will get us there.

The End Thanks for listening

Special Thanks to: Iachello and Arima Dave Warner, Victor Zamfir, Burcu Cakirli, Stuart Pittel, Kris Heyde and others i9 didn’t have time to type just before the lecture

Backups

A~100

Two regions of parabolic anomalies. Two regions of octupole correlations Possible signature? One more intriguing thing

Agreement is remarkable (within 10’s of keV). Yet these DFT calculations reproduce known masses only to ~ 1 MeV. How is this possible?  V pn focuses on sensitive aspects of the wave functions that reflect specific correlations. It is designed to be insensitive to others.

Contours of constant R 4/2 N B = 10

E(5) X(5) 1 st order 2 nd order Axially symmetric Axially asymmetric Sph. Def.