1 CAPTREVIEW

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3 WHAT ARE THE BIG IDEAS IN EARTH/PHYSICAL SCIENCE? Matter Energy How they interact How do we use them?

4 HOW DO WE OBSERVE MATTER? Senses Tools

5 Physical Change is the same substance Chemical Change new substance (compound) WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PHYSICAL CHANGEand a CHEMICAL CHANGE?

6 WHAT MAKES UP MATTER? Molecules, atoms, elements, mixtures, etc…

7 PUT THESE IN ORDER OF SIZE: Cellatom moleculegrain of sand Atoms make up molecules which are in cells which are smaller than a grain of sand

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9 WHAT'S AN ATOM? Smallest part of an element that is still an element.

10 WHERE DID YOUR ATOMS COME FROM? The atom of oxygen inside the molecules of water in the cells in your body…. …have been traveling around the earth since it was formed

11 Does anything ever go away? No!, just recycled around and around

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14 Where do we get our resources? We use minerals, metals, compounds from the ground (mostly). We change/refine them. Everything we use is a chemical.

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16 Where does our waste go? Some items get decomposed. Some items get burned, atoms in the air. Some items get dumped, landfills forever.

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20 WHAT MAKES UP AN ATOM? Protons and neutrons in the center (nucleus) Electrons orbiting around

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22 HOW ARE ELEMENTS DIFFERENT? Elements…. Different number of protons

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24 HOW IS THE PERIODIC TABLE PERIODIC? Arranged by similar properties that repeat. Elements in the same columns (groups) are alike, because the same number of outside electrons

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28 WHAT'S A COMPOUND? 2 or more atoms joined together. Like H 2 O, water (di hydrogen monoxide), or O 2 (oxygen gas)

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30 WHY DO ATOMS JOIN? Atoms join to exchange or share outer electrons

31 RULE OF EIGHT Lose an electron is POSITIVE (metals)Gain an electron is NEGATIVE (non metals) OPPOSITES ATTRACT: Form Compounds IONIC (Give/Get)

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35 COVALENT (Share) Organic compounds, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, share outer electrons.

36 What’s the structure of plastic? Chains of Sharing carbons

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39 What are plastics used for? Come from petroleum, used for strength, flexibility, lightness. Tough to decompose!

40 WHAT'S A CHEMICAL EQUATION MEAN? Combining elements and compounds, rearranging their electrons to make a new substance.

41 State this in words: HCl + NaOH ---> H 2 O + NaCl Acid + Base make Water and a Salt Same number of atoms on left as right.

42 WHAT ARE THE STATES (PHASES) OF MATTER? SOLIDS, LIQUIDS, GASES

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44 What are the differences in the phases? Gases: like preschoolers in a gym! Liquids: like middleschoolers at a dance! Solids: like elderly at a Bingo dinner!

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46 HOW DO THEY CHANGE FROM ONE TO THE OTHER? Solid --> Liquid --> Gas Take In heat to break bonds Gas --> Liquid --> Solid Give Off heat to form bonds (you could say take in cold)

47 WHAT's THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HEAT AND TEMPERATURE? Temperature is the AVERAGE movement energy of each molecule. Heat is the TOTAL energy transferred. Campfire and Wood Match, same temperature, different heat

48 WHAT ARE THE WAYS IN WHICH HEAT CAN BE TRANSFERRED? Conduction: molecules touch like dominos Convection: hot molecules spread apart from each other and rise, or cool and fall. Radiation: Light/Heat travel to move molecules

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51 WHAT HAPPENS TO THE TEMPERATURE OF ICE AS IT MELTS? It stays the same ( 0° C ) while melting… it takes in heat from the air to break the bonds NOT to make molecules move faster

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53 WHY DO YOU FEEL HOTTER ON A HUMID DAY? You cool yourself by sweat evaporating (Liquid to Gas) and taking in heat from… Your skin! If the sweat can’t evaporate (air is “full”) you stay HOT!

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55 WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF ENERGY? Types NOT sources Heat (movement of molecules) Kinetic (movement) Chemical (electrons) Light/Radiation Electrical Nuclear And each kind can have POTENTIAL

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57 HOW CAN ENERGY BE TRANSFORMED FROM ONE KIND TO ANOTHER? Devices/Things change energy from one kind to another

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59 What are the energy transformations for a TOASTER? Coal is burned at plant (chemical) Heats up water (heat) to make steam Steam turns a turbine (mechanical), which turns wire near a magnet Makes electricity, travels to your house Toaster changes electricity to heat.

60 WHAT IS ELECTRICITY? Electrons moving (pushing) each other

61 WHAT CAUSES STATIC ELECTRICITY? Extra electrons on the surface

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63 WHAT CAUSES CURRENT ELECTRICITY? Electrons moving… Completing a circuit

64 WHAT'S A CIRCUIT? A complete electrical path Has a source (battery) to push the electrons (voltage) Has a conductor (wire) (current) Has resistance (light bulb)

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66 HOW DO THEY GENERATE ELECTRICITY? Move a magnet near a wire (or a wire near a magnet). Generator is the opposite of a Motor

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70 WHAT ARE THE SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY? RENEWABLE, NON RENEWABLE Most are Generating HEAT to make steam turn the turbine/wire/magnet:  Nuclear (using heat from fission)  Burning Fuels: Coal, Oil, Natural Gas, Wood, Ethanol, etc.. Wind, Water turn the turbine directly Solar: causes photochemical reaction

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74 HOW DOES CARBON CYCLE THROUGH THE EARTH? Normally: Carbon from Animals to Air To Plants, to Ground to Animals. Burning Fossil Fuels or Plants causes more carbon to be added

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79 WHAT ARE THE PROBLEMS DUE TO BURNING FOSSIL FUELS?(releasing carbon) Non Renewable Resource Pollution Acid Rain Global Warming (Carbon Dioxide in the air traps in heat)

80 WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN GLOBAL WARMING, OZONE DEPLETION, AND ACID RAIN? Ozone Depletion: NOT caused by burning fuels, by CFC’s combining with ozone which protects us from cancer causing UV rays

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82 Global Watming Global Warming caused by: CO2 from burning, water, and methane from rice/cows, temperature of earth rises

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85 What are the effects? Rise in temperature Unstable climate (wet places wetter, dry places dryer) Rise in sea level

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89 How is acid rain caused? Something burns (combines with oxygen). Like Sulfur… to make SO 3 Goes into air, combines with water SO 3 and H 2 O make H 2 SO 4, an acid! Comes down in the rain Acid Rain caused by burning fuels.

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92 What are the effects of acid rain? Acid rain reacts with the metals and nutrients (limestone, magnesium, etc..) Causes damage, hurts plants, fish, etc..

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94 Last Hints….. Think what you already know! Draw diagrams! Write so it makes sense! Do well!