Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any image; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. PowerPoint Presentations for Psychology The Science of Behavior Seventh Edition Neil R. Carlson, Harold Miller, C. Donald Heth, John W. Donahoe, and G. Neil Martin Prepared by Linda Fayard Mississippi Gulf Coast Community College

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Chapter 4 Biology of Behavior

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Biology of Behavior 1.The Brain and Its Components 2.Drugs and Behavior 3.Study of the Brain 4.Control of Behavior and the Body’s Physiological Functions

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon The Brain and Its Components  Basic Structure of the Nervous System  Cells of the Nervous System  The Excitable Axon: The Action Potential  Communication with Other Cells: Synapses  A Simple Neural Circuit

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Basic Structure of the Nervous System (1)Central Nervous System (brain and spinal cord) (2)Peripheral Nervous System (cranial and spinal nerves)

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Figure 4.1: The Central Nervous System

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Figure 4.2: A View of the Left Side of the Brain

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Cells of the Nervous System Dendrite – receive messages from other neurons Soma – cell body Axon – carries message away from soma Myelin sheath – insulates axons F 4.5

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Figure 4.5: The Basic Parts of a Neuron

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon The Excitable Axon: The Action Potential Ion channels and ion transporters regulate the number of ions inside and outside the axon.

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Figure 4.7: Ion Channels and Ion Transporters

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Figure 4.8: Movement of Sodium and Potassium Ions During the Action Potential Axon potential – causes the release of a neurotransmitter

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Communication with Other Cells: Synapses Neurons communicate with other cells through synapses, by process known as synaptic transmission.

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Figure 4.9: Interaction Between the Effects of Excitatory and Inhibitory Synapses Synapse – junction between neurons

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Drugs and Behavior  Effects of Drugs on Synaptic Transmission  Neurotransmitters, Their Actions, and Drugs That Affect Them

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Neurotransmitters, Their Actions and Drugs That Affect Them Glutamate – excitatory neurotransmitter GABA – inhibitory neurotransmitter Acetylcholine – muscular movement Monoamines - includes dopamine, serotonins, and norepinephrine Peptides – consists of two or more amino acids

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Study of the Brain  Experimental Ablation  Visualizing the Structure of the Brain  Measuring the Brain’s Activity  Stimulating the Brain’s Activity  Altering Genetics

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Experimental Ablation  Brain lesions  An injury to a particular part of the brain  The effects of that lesion on an animal’s behaviors are studied  Stereotaxic apparatus

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Figure 4.12: A Stereotaxic Apparatus

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Visualizing the Structures of the Brain  Human brain visualization methods  CT scans (also called CAT scans)  MRI scans

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Measuring the Brain’s Activity  EEG (Electroencephalogram)  Measures brain waves through microelectrodes  MEG (Magnetoencephalography)  PET scans  fMRI scans

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Stimulating the Brain’s Activity  Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)  Magnetic fields can be used to stimulate neurons by inducing electrical currents in brain tissue

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Figure 4.21: An Example of an Electrical Stimulation Experiment

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Altering Genetics  Targeted Mutation (a genetic “knockout”)  This procedure inactivates a gene—for example, the gene responsible for producing a particular neurotransmitter or a particular receptor.  Neural Plasticity  Environmental events that can change the structure and functions of the nervous system

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Control of Behavior and the Body’s Physiological Functions  Organization of the Cerebral Cortex  Lateralization of Function  Vision  Audition  Somatosensation and Spatial Perception  Planning and Moving  Episodic and Spatial Memory: Role of Hippocampus  Emotions: Role of the Amygdala  Control of Internal Functions and Automatic Behavior

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Organization of the Cerebral Cortex Figure 4.24: A Side View of the Human Brain

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Organization of the Cerebral Cortex Figure 4.25: The Relation Between the Association Cortex and the Regions of Primary Sensory and Motor Cortex

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Vision  The visual association cortex is located in the occipital lobe and in the lower portion of the temporal lobe.  Visual agnosia is a deficit in visual perception

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Audition  The auditory association cortex is located on the lateral surface of the upper temporal lobe  Damage to the left auditory association cortex causes language deficits; while damage to the right affects ability to recognize nonspeech sounds (tones)

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Somatosensation and Spatial Perception  The primary functions of the parietal lobe are perception of our own body and the location of objects in the world around us

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Planning and Moving  Frontal lobes - involved in planning strategies for action, evaluating them, and changing them if necessary  Cerebellum - knows what movements the frontal lobes intend to accomplish and what it is doing  Basal ganglia - involved in the control of particularly slow motor movements, especially those that involve the large muscles of the body.

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Episodic and Spatial Memory: Role of the Hippocampus  The hippocampus is involved in spatial orientation and episodic memory or our ability to learn and remember experience from our daily lives  The limbic system is involved in learning, memory, and expression of emotion

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon F 4.35 Figure 4.29: Principle Structures of the Limbic System

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Emotions: Role of the Amygdala  The amygdala is located in the middle of the temporal lobe and affects emotional behavior—especially negative emotions, such as those caused by painful, threatening, or stressful events

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Control of Internal Functions and Automatic Behavior  Brain stem  Controls functions vital to survival  Contains the medulla, the pons, and the midbrain.  Hypothalamus  Controls autonomic nervous system; eating, drinking, and fighting  Controls the pituitary gland

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon The Brain Stem and Cerebellum

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Endocrine System F Figure 4.31: The Location and Primary Functions of the Principle Endocrine Glands

Copyright © 2010 Allyn & Bacon Endocrine System Figure 4.32: Organs Controlled by the Autonomic Nervous System