Chapter 28

 The great Western empires declined and were replaced by regional groups and multinational corporations  There are several triggers for this dramatic shift.  Collapse of European imperial dominance and subsequent decolonization.  Massive technological innovation in military capacity and communications.  Explosion in population growth.  These triggers created political innovation and a renewed globalization.  Many societies resisted changes to traditional worldviews.  These developments effected people’s emotions and behaviors by decreasing birth rates and increasing consumerism.

M ilitarism A lliances I mperialism N ationalism

 Germany was competing with Britain to build Dreadnought battleships.  The British feared an attack on their Empire

 Germany was competing with Russia and France to expand their armies  Germany 1.3mil. 5.0 mil.  France 0.73mil. 4.0 mil.  Russia 0.40mil. 1.2 mil.  Compare total U.S. forces today million

Kaiser Wilhelm II Built up German army and navy  Aggressive foreign policy after 1910  Wanted to equal British navy -- arms race  Determined to make Germany a top nation.  Distrusted by other powers

 By 1914 all the major powers were linked by a system of alliances.  Triple Alliance  Germany  Austria-Hungary  Italy (but…1915)  Central Powers (add...)  Ottomans Oct  Bulgaria Oct  Triple Entente  Great Britain  France  Russia  Allied Powers (add...)  Italy (May 1915, defence only)  Japan  USA (1917) The alliances made it more likely that a war would start. Once started, the alliances made it more likely to spread.

Germany (#1 Army) Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Great Britain (#1 Navy) Russia France Italy Japan United States (1917) +26 other countries Central Powers: (rapid communications and movement, better Army) Allies: (more soldiers, better industry, and navy)

 All the great powers were competing for colonies & territory.  The British feared Germany in Africa & in their sea lanes.  The Austrians feared Serbia/Russia in the Balkans

 This was an age when all nations wanted to assert their power and independence.  In Europe Slavs, aided by Serbia and Russia, wanted to be free of Austrian rule. (Pan-Slavism)  Austria Annexed Bosnia Herzegovina (1908)  “The Balkan Powder Keg” Balkans site of many conflicts Serbia’s national flag

 28 June 1914  Heir to Austrian throne Archduke Franz Ferdinand visits Sarajevo.  Capital of Bosnia, recently grabbed by Austria (1908)  Hotbed of Slavic nationalism Seal of the Black Hand group

13 Basic Steps to World War… /28/1914, 1. 6/28/1914, Gavriel Princip assassinates Austrian archduke in Sarajevo st afraid of what Russia would do, they secured support from Germany  7/5/1914,  7/5/1914, Germany gives “blank cheque”to Austria before the Kaiser went on a cruise on his yacht until 27 Aug! 3. 7/23-7/28/1914, 3. 7/23-7/28/1914, “July Crisis” Austria-Hungary sends a very tough “July Ultimatum” for Serbia (Threatened harmful action if demands not met) 4. 7/24/ /24/1914, Serbia agrees to all but one(2) term of the ultimatum (Police in Serbia) 5. 7/28/1914, 5. 7/28/1914, Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia (quick victory?) 6. 7/29/1914, 6. 7/29/1914, Russia mobilizes troops to Austria-Hungary & German Borders 7/30/ /30/1914, Germany demands that Russia stands its armies down 8. 7/31/1914, 8. 7/31/1914, German ultimatum to Russia, stop its mobilization, or Germany would attack France. Germany begins mobilizing 8/1/1914, 9. 8/1/1914, Germany declares war on Russia 10. 8/3/1914, 10. 8/3/1914, Germany declares war on France, Russia’s allies 8/3-4/1914, 11. 8/3-4/1914, Germany invades Belgium on their way to France (Schlieffen Plan) 12. 8/4/1914, 12. 8/4/1914, Britain declares war because of its alliance with France & Russia, and Germany breaking Belgium's neutrality treaty (1839 “Scrap of Paper”) 13. 8/23/1914, 13. 8/23/1914, Japan allies with Britain, declares war on Germany, interested in securing German territories in China & the Pacific.

The War in Europe  Stalemate on Western Front  Trench warfare  Massive losses  War of attrition The War in the East  Russians  Offensives against Germany  Huge losses, Battle of Tannenberg  78,000 casualties, 90,000 captured The War and in Italy The War and in Italy  Italians  1915, switch sides, promised “Share of the Spoils” including territories of Dalmatia & Fiume (or Rijeka)  War with Austrians stalemated  ---City of Rijeka

World War I Fronts in Europe and the Middle East World War I Fronts in Europe and the Middle East Page 648 Page 648

Battle of Jutland

Most devastating war in history up to that point; because of these new innovations & old tactics.  Chivalry was done…U-Boats  German Submarines  Torpedoes  Mines  2 hulls

Machine Guns  Firepower of many rifles  Rapid fire  Very Heavy  Devastating to infantry attacks

Long-Range Artillery  Fires large projectile  Long range  Trenches built for protection  Psychological Effects “Paris Gun” 81 miles

Airplane  New invention  Turned into weapon  Dogfights  Drop bombs  Baron von Ricthofen “The Red Baron”  Shot down 80 aircraft

Tank  British Invention  Heavily armored  Various types of guns  Ran on Treads  Able to get through barbed wire and get into enemy defenses.

 Zeppelin  First flew 1900  Poison gas  Disabling  Tear gas  Mustard gas  Deadly  Chlorine  Phosgene  (carbon monoxide and chlorine)  Flamethrower  Trench Warfare  Barbed Wire

The Home Fronts in Europe  Each of the powers was able to mobilize large numbers of soldiers  Despite food shortages  Privations at home Little sympathy at home  Growth in governments increased in power  Many industrial sectors of these nations were co-opted by the state  Propaganda encouraged their citizens to keep the war effort going and drummed up support from neutral nations (Especially USA)  Suppression of criticism Labor groups dissatisfied  Weakens Germany  Russia falls  Both monarchs would fall to revolution

The War Outside Europe  British block supplies to Central Powers  Uses imperial resources, manpower  Indians deployed in many areas  French  Use African troops  Japan  Fights Germans in Shandong peninsula China, the Pacific  Ottomans  Side with Germany  Armenian genocide  United States  Begins neutral (Wilson elected to 2 nd term 1916 on isolation stance)  Material help , Sinking of Lusitania not main reason to enter war, however with the propaganda attached swayed people  1917, Germany’s Unrestricted Submarine warfare- war zone around Britain  Zimmerman Telegram (Mexico)  Russians March Revolution (Tsar Nicolas II abdicated on 13 March)  April 6, 1917, enters war  Wilson, “The world must be safe for democracy.”

 Used information both true and false to get people to back to was effort  Women were used in factories, the men were drafted to fight. Women in work force replaced men in the workplace,  calls for political and social equality increased.  As a result, in Britain, Germany, and the United States, women gained the vote after the war.

 Britain blockaded the North Sea  Germany had their blockade of U-Boats, sinking British shipping, Lusitania sank in 20 minutes – 1,198 deaths (128 Americans)  Most famous and deadliest torpedoed ship of war  Germany temporally backed off with warning from U.S.

 Ottomans stop the British Navy & ANZ troops  Churchill’s Fiasco

Total Killed: 7,940,000 soldiers (over 10 million including civilians)

 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk  March 3, 1918

Armistice day Armistice day 11 th month, 11 th day, 11 th hour – Fighting stopped Treaty of Versailles The Treaty of Versailles left its signers dissatisfied.  The English & French pushed the Americans into an agreement  The punishment of the Germans  War guilt/Reparations  Japan and Italy’s  Japan and Italy’s hoped-for gains were largely ignored  Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire  Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire collapsed as political entities Russia  The new communist government in Russia was not allowed to participate in the peace conference  Woodrow Wilson’s 14 points  U.S.  U.S. would not join League of Nations  League of Nations ended up weak and unable to stop WWII  Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Poland  Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Poland independent  Mandates Middle East  Mandates – Carving up the Middle East  Ultimately, the Treaty of Versailles failed to bring a lasting peace, for it angered the people of a defeated and humiliated  Germany felt & rallied, “Stabbed in the back!”  Treaty of Versailles (Peace of Paris) led to WWII

 The Middle East After World War I  Mandates  Impact future

Subjugated peoples of colonies question status  Europeans fighting each other  Industrialized to help out war effort – India becomes industrialized because of Britain’s need for war resources  First time Europeans ordered Africans/Asians to kill other Europeans  Colonial leaders went to battlefield – left void  Gave administrative responsibility to the indigenous peoples  Initially made promises from British/French – then reneged  Questioned racial superiority theory  Social/economic problems make it easier to motivate mass protests Burma, Indonesia, and the Philippines were also looking for independence…..

India: India: The Makings of the Nationalist Challenge to the British Raj (rule) Nationalist movements  By the beginning of the 20th century, resistance to over a hundred years of British rule mounted in India.  Charges of British racism and detrimental economic policy grew steadily. Worldwide patterns Leadership of Western-educated elite Charismatic leaders Nonviolence India National Congress Party, 1885 Initially loyal to British Spurred by racism Builds Indian identity

Social Foundations of a Mass Movement  Critique of British rule  Economic privilege for British  Indian army used for British interests High-paid British officials - Cash crops push out food production The Rise of Militant Nationalism Hindu/Muslim split & B.G. Tilak  Indian Independence Movement leader  demanded full and immediate independence and threatened violence.  His rhetoric appealed to many Hindus,  but frightened others, especially moderate Hindus and Muslims.  Nationalism above religious concerns  Boycotts of British goods, Bombay regions  Hindu communalists  Secret societies sprang up that  promoted and carried out violence, but British crackdowns limited their effectiveness i.e. Terrorism in Bengal  Morley-Minto reforms, (Indian Councils Act of 1909)  More opportunity for Indians – vote serve on legislative councils

The Emergence of Gandhi and the Spread of the Nationalist Struggle  Loyal to British at start of war  But war casualties and costs mount  Inflation, famine  Promises broken  Montagu-Chelmsford reforms, 1919  Greater Indian participation in government  Rowlatt Act, 1919  Civil rights restricted (freedom of press), revolutionist rounded up  Gandhi protests Mohandas K. Ghandi  Nonviolence  Satyagraha, or truth force, Unlike Tilak,  appealed to both the masses and the Western-educated nationalist politicians.  emphasis on nonviolent but persistent protest weakened British control of India.  Under his leadership, nationalist protest surged in India during the 1920s and 1930s.

Egypt and the Rise of Nationalism in the Middle East  Egyptian nationalism  mutiny of Ahmad Orabi  1882 British occupation aimed at liberation Egyptian from Turks  Lord Cromer  Economic reforms, public works projects  Reforms benefited upper classes  Journalists led the way 1890s  Political parties form  Harsh repression  Focuses Egyptian nationalism  By the early 20th century, decades of ill will between the British and the population led to violence on both sides. Dinshawi Incident, 1906  British officers shooting pigeons for sport shot and wounded the wife of the iman (religious leader) by accident British grant constitution, 1913  The outbreak of World War I saw a temporary decrease of hostilities in Egypt, but then….

Revolt in Egypt, 1919  Egypt a British protectorate, 1914  Martial law to protect Suez Canal  War drains Egyptian resources  Egyptians refused to present at Versailles  By the end of the World War I, Egypt was ripe for revolt. Students and, significantly, women, led large demonstrations against colonial rule. British withdrawal began in  To withdrawal from Canal zone, 1936

War and Nationalist Movements in the Middle East Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk, father of the Turks)  1923 A Turkish republic was formed on the basis of a Western model. mandates  England and France divided the defeated Ottoman Empire’s Arab holdings into mandates  Promises to former Ottoman subjects Reneged  World Zionist Organization  Zionism  Theodore Herzl  Balfour Declaration of 1917  “establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people”  Approved by the League of Nations on July 24,  These conflicting movements led to great tension in the Middle East  We still see today

The Beginnings of the Liberation Struggle in Africa  WWI  supported their British and French occupiers in World War I,  promises of nationhood after the war.  those promises went unfulfilled, protests ensued  Drained resources  Western-educated Africans gain authority  alarmed the European powers and encouraged anti- colonial sentiments.  Pan-African movement (Americans)  Marcus Garvey  W.E.B. Du Bois  Paris  By the 1920s, pan-Africanism faded, replaced by the brand of nationalism seen in other colonies.  Négritude (literary movement)  Sédar Senghor  Aimé Césaire  Léon Damas  The great age of African independence came after World War II

Set many templates for the 20th century.  The decline of European hegemony,  The emergence of the United States and Japan on the global stage  Communist rule in Russia were results of the war  Nationalist surges in European colonies  Increased political power of labor organizations and women.

 What started World War I?  How did militarism grow out of the conflicts among European nations?  Why did European nations form alliances?  Why were the Balkans at the center of the conflict between European powers?  What event led to Great Britain’s entering the war against Germany?  Why did Italy switch sides?

 What started World War I?  (M.A.I.N.) Militarism-Alliances-Imperialism-Nationalism  How did militarism grow out of the conflicts among European nations?  Thought that their goals could only be achieved by threat or use of force.  Why did European nations form alliances?  To maintain the balance of power.  Why were the Balkans at the center of the conflict between European powers?  An outlet to the sea, its own nationalism, & Pan-Slavism  What event led to Great Britain’s entering the war against Germany?  Germany’s disregard for Belgian neutrality  Why did Italy switch sides?  Share of the Spoils, problem with Triple Alliance