School of Geography FACULTY OF EARTH & ENVIRONMENT Relationships between migration, commuting and household structure Oliver Duke-Williams

Counting migrants and groups of migrants Migrants move from origins to destinations People may move singly or in groups Up until the 2001 Census, migrants were counted (in the Census) in two ways As individual migrants As wholly moving households

A wholly moving household

Wholly moving households or not?

Counting migrants in the 2001 Census The 2001 Census introduced the concept of the moving group Migrants within households are grouped on the basis of their common origins

Moving groups

Absolute numbers of migrants Migrants within UK, Source: 2001 Census Special Migration Statistics

Migration rates Migrants within UK – rates per 1000 at destination, Source: 2001 Census Special Migration Statistics

Absolute numbers of migrants by origin type Migrants within and into UK, Source: 2001 Census Special Migration Statistics

Migration connectivity Migration connectivity is a simple measure of how well places are connected to other places It is affected by geography, but useful for comparing alternative characteristics given a fixed geography

Origin connectivity

Destination connectivity

About the BHPS The British Household Panel Survey A multi-purpose panel survey Interviews all adults in a set of representative households First wave in 1991: 5,500 households, 10,000 individuals

BHPS: Migrants The BHPS is a useful source of information about migrants Individuals are tracked over many years The household context is clear Respondents are asked about intentions to migrate, and about reasons for recent migration events Limitations The sample size is small The geography is limited Migration tends to be a cause of attrition in longitudinal data sets

BHPS data studied Individuals from wave J (2000-1) were studied This roughly matches the transition period over which migration is recorded in the 2001 Census The data were linked to the next wave, in order to identify those who had moved during the period

Characteristics of migrants in the BHPS Net balances by region, for movers within UK Region OutflowInflowNet gain Inner London Outer London514 0 R. of South East South West East Anglia East Midlands West Midlands Conurbation R. of West Midlands Greater Manchester Merseyside R. of North West South Yorkshire West Yorkshire R. of Yorks & Humberside Tyne & Wear R. of North Wales Scotland Northern Ireland146 0 Total

Characteristics of migrants in the BHPS All respondents are asked when they moved to their present address Data are highly dominated by recent moves Other moves tend to be within last 10 years or so The same pattern is apparent in other waves

Characteristics of migrants in the BHPS Age profile of migrants

Wishes to move Separate questions ask whether respondents would prefer to move expect to move within the next year Prefers to move? FrequencyPercent Don't know1911% Stay here991566% Prefer to move497533% Total % Expect to move in next year FrequencyPercent Don't know 6414% Yes207314% No % Total %

Preference and expectation How to preference and expectation relate to each other? Prefer to move? Expect to move Don't knowYesNoTotal Don't know19%18%63%191 Stay here2%6%91%9915 Prefer to move8%29%64%4975

Prefer to move Does preference vary by age or sex? Age group Prefer to move Male Don't know1%2%1% Stay here57%54%66%78% Prefer to move37%40%27%18% Total Female Don't know2%1% Stay here54%58%69%79% Prefer to move42%39%27%17% Total

Does preference vary by household type? Prefer to move? Age group Single Non-Elderly Don't know2% 0% Stay here55%50%62%67% Prefer to move43%48%35%33% Base Single Elderly Don't know2%1% Stay here75%84% Prefer to move23%15% Base

Prefer to move? Age group Couple No Children Don't know2%1% Stay here53%59%73%79% Prefer to move45%40%26%20% Base Couple: dep children Don't know1% 0% Stay here60% 70%90% Prefer to move39% 29%10% Base Couple: non-dep children Don't know2%1% 0% Stay here57%56%71%82% Prefer to move41%42%28%18% Base

Prefer to move? Age group Lone par: dep children Don't know2% 0% Stay here53%52%57%64% Prefer to move45%46%41%36% Base Lone par: non-dep children Don't know1%2%1% Stay here66%50%69%85% Prefer to move33%48%30%14% Base

Prefer to move? Age group Unrelated adults Don't know2%3%5%0% Stay here58%54%52%80% Prefer to move40%44%43%20% Base Other Households Don't know0% 2% Stay here47%50%68%72% Prefer to move53%50%32%26% Base

Is expectation realised? How well does an expectation of a move predict an actual move? Link waves Compare expect to move vs. actual move status Can look at: Preference to move Expecting to move Preference Individual mover status Total Non-mover Mover within GB Don't know86%14%164 Stay here95%5%9068 Prefer to move82%18%4395 Total91%9%13627 Expectation Individual mover status Total Non-mover Mover within GB Don't know86%14%561 Yes53%47%1679 No97%3%11387 Total91%9%13627

What about a year later? Are expected moves deferred? Expectation Individual mover status Total Non-moverMover within GB Don't know84%16%385 Yes73%27%696 No95%5%9101 Total93%7%10182 Preference Individual mover status Total Non-mover Mover within GB Don't know84%16%116 Stay here95%5%7150 Prefer to move88%12%2916 Total93%7%10182

Reasons stated for moving 1.Those who expected to move and did move 2.Those who did not expect to move, but did move

Reasons for moving Stated reasons for an actual move incude employment reasons (various) and non-employment related Moved for employment reasons Expected to moveYesNoTotal Yes20%80%257 No10%90%100 Moved for employment reasons PreferenceYesNoTotal Don't know24%76%21 Stay here10%90%383 Prefer to move11%89%761

Non-employment reasons Look at reasons for moving amongst those who expected to move and did move ReasonFrequencyPercent Other3414% Mve to college3314% Mve in wth partn3013% Evicted, reposs198% Split from partn156% Larger accom125% Smaller accom115% Better accom104% Job reasn, self94% Closr fam, friend83% Own accom83% Mve from family73% Wants change63% To specfc place63% Job reasn, othr52% Mve in wth family42% Area unsafe42% Area unfriendly42% Buy accom31% Left college21% Dislkd area21% Mve in wth friend10% Retirement10% Health reasons10% To rural envirn10% Total236

Reasons for moving What about those who moved, but had not expected to do so? Reason FrequencyPercent Other1112% Split from partn1011% Larger accom1011% Evicted, reposs99% Smaller accom99% Better accom99% Mve in wth partn77% Mve to college66% Own accom66% Mve in wth family33% Mve from family33% Health reasons33% Other aspects22% To specfc place22% Closr fam, friend11% Job reasn, self11% Dislkd prev acc11% Area unfriendly11% Dislkd area11% Total95

Reasons for moving Are reasons for moving different for those who do / do not move? If respondents indicated that they would like to move, they were asked for reasons why Did those who followed through on this wish quote different reasons? Individual mover status Reason to moveNon-moverMover within GB Larger accom16% Other5%9% Dislikes area10%8% Own accommodation3%6% Feels isolated5% Other aspects5% To specific area8%5% Area unsafe5% Family reasons4%5% To buy somewhere1%5% Smaller/cheaper acc3%4% Unfriendly area6%4% Wants a change5%4% Another type3% Better accom2%3% Reduce travelling1%2% Occupation reasons1%2% To rural environ6%2% Noise2% No stairs3%2% Dislikes accom1% For childs education1% Traffic2%1% From urban environ1% Health reasons0% Retirement0% More privacy1%0% No reason0% Total

Reasons for moving Do stated reasons for moving vary by household type? Look at most commonly cited reasons by individuals in different household types Household typeReasonsPercent Single Non- elderlyMve to college17% Other11% Split from partn11% Base160 Single-elderlyHealth reasons22% Closr fam, friend16% Evicted, reposs11% Base37

Reasons for moving Household typeReasonsPercent Couple No ChildrenMve in wth partn20% Buy accom11% Smaller accom8% Base340 Couple: dep childrenLarger accom28% Other12% Mve in wth partn9% Base364 Couple: non-dep childrenSmaller accom15% Other12% Split from partn10% Base41 Household typeReasonsPercent Lone par: dep childrenSplit from partn25% Other13% Evicted, reposs13% Base55 Lone par: non-dep childrenSplit from partn20% Evicted, reposs20% Mve in wth family20% Base20

Household typeReasonsPercent 2+ Unrelated adultsEvicted, reposs23% Mve to college21% Better accom11% Base73 Other HouseholdsOther22% Evicted, reposs17% Mve in wth partn17% Base23

Effect of migration To what extent has migration been associated with a change in circumstances?

RG Social class Do migrants experience a change in Registrar General’s Social Class? RG Social Class Wave JWave KChange Professional occ46509% Managerial & technical occ % Skilled non-manual % Skilled manual % Partly skilled occ % Unskilled occ2625-4% Armed forces10-100%

Tenure Change in tenure Using all persons Use person 1 only Tenure Wave JWave KChange Owned Outright % Owned with Mortgage % Local Authority rented % Housing Assoc. rented496227% Rented from Employer18 0% Rented private unfurnished % Rented private furnished % Tenure Wave JWave KChange Owned Outright9791-6% Owned with Mortgage % Local Authority rented % Housing Assoc. rented354014% Rented from Employer13 0% Rented private unfurnished89934% Rented private furnished %

Change in household type Select movers in wave K Compare household type in wave K with household type wave J Fluctuations to household type due to age of children Moves out of families into households of unrelated adults Household type Wave JWave KChange Single Non-Elderly % Single Elderly % Couple No Children % Couple: dep children % Couple: non-dep children % Lone par: dep children % Lone par: non-dep children % 2+ Unrelated adults % Other Households %

Conclusions BHPS permits detailed analysis of relationships between migrants and their household context Demonstrates changes in household structure associated with migration events Motivations for moving are many and varied