Challenges to Security Sector Reform Roland Friedrich DCAF Consultant 30 July 2005

What means Security Governance? Security governance: Organisation and management of the security sector Security governance: Organisation and management of the security sector Security sector: All bodies responsible for the protection of the state and its constituent communities Security sector: All bodies responsible for the protection of the state and its constituent communities

Security Sector includes: The armed forces, police and intelligence agencies The armed forces, police and intelligence agencies The institutions that formulate, implement and oversee security policy: legislative, executive and judiciary The institutions that formulate, implement and oversee security policy: legislative, executive and judiciary

What means SSR? Bringing security governance in line with democratic standards Bringing security governance in line with democratic standards There are five components: There are five components: 1. A constitutional and legal framework, which constitutes the separation of powers between government, parliaments and justice courts and clearly defines the tasks of the security sector 1. A constitutional and legal framework, which constitutes the separation of powers between government, parliaments and justice courts and clearly defines the tasks of the security sector

2. Civilian control and management of the security sector by the government, with a clear division of responsibility between civilians and the military 2. Civilian control and management of the security sector by the government, with a clear division of responsibility between civilians and the military 3. Parliamentary control and oversight of the security sector (including powers such as approval of security budgets, security- related laws, security strategy and planning, weapons procurement, and inquiries and investigations) 3. Parliamentary control and oversight of the security sector (including powers such as approval of security budgets, security- related laws, security strategy and planning, weapons procurement, and inquiries and investigations)

4. Judicial control in the sense that the security sector is subject to the civilian justice system 4. Judicial control in the sense that the security sector is subject to the civilian justice system 5. ‘Public control’ of the security sector through a security community that represents civil society, including political parties, NGOs, independent media and think tanks 5. ‘Public control’ of the security sector through a security community that represents civil society, including political parties, NGOs, independent media and think tanks

What are the challenges to SSR? Developing the adequate SSR strategy: Developing the adequate SSR strategy: No single model: SSR differs from country to country No single model: SSR differs from country to country Special conditions of each country heavily influence the progress of SSR Special conditions of each country heavily influence the progress of SSR If the specific political, economic and social context is not taken into account, reform is likely to fail If the specific political, economic and social context is not taken into account, reform is likely to fail

Ownership and inclusiveness: Ownership and inclusiveness: SSR means changing very powerful institutions: Are key security actors willing to reform? SSR means changing very powerful institutions: Are key security actors willing to reform? SSR should be built upon the broadest possible consensus among local actors: Are all relevant actors included in the process? SSR should be built upon the broadest possible consensus among local actors: Are all relevant actors included in the process?

Comprehensiveness: Comprehensiveness: Reform efforts should be directed at all components of the security sector:  Armed forces, police, intelligence  Executive  Legislature  Judiciary and penal system  Civil society

Sequencing of SSR: Sequencing of SSR: SSR is much more process than end-point SSR is much more process than end-point Process with 4 operational dimensions: Process with 4 operational dimensions: Strengthening democratic control Strengthening democratic control Professionalisation of security forces Professionalisation of security forces Demilitarisation and peace-building Demilitarisation and peace-building Strengthening rule of law Strengthening rule of law How will these elements be sequenced, linked and balanced? How will these elements be sequenced, linked and balanced?

Sustainability: Sustainability: SSR is more than the institutionalisation of laws and practices: It is a social process that may take a long and complex path SSR is more than the institutionalisation of laws and practices: It is a social process that may take a long and complex path Like democracy itself, SSR is an ongoing process in which no society will ever achieve perfection Like democracy itself, SSR is an ongoing process in which no society will ever achieve perfection