International Agriculture AGED 4713 International Panel: Mexico Manuel D. Corro Spring 2003

Mexican History European influence from Spain 4 Prehispanic culture:  Aztec 4 Mayan 4 Zapotecan 4 Mixtecan 4 Totonacan 4 Olmecan

Geographic data 3 Area: 1,972,550 sq. Km 3 14 th largest country 3 32 States 3 1 Federal District Every State divided in “Municipios” (counties)

Population 4 11 th most populated country in the world 4 Population density: 52.5 people per sq.kilometer 4 Range: 15 to p/sq km 4 Population growth rate: % Population living in urban areas 4 26% Population living in rural areas (24 millions) Source: 103,400,165 people

Facts about Mexican population 4 Official and business language: Spanish 4 Several Indigenous languages 4 Nahuatl, Mayan, Zapotec, Mixtec, Otomie, Tarahumara, Yaqui 4 Diverse Population: 4 60%, mestizo (Amerindian-Spanish) 4 30%, Amerindian or predominantly Amerindian 410 % full blood Mexican indigenous 4 9% white 4 1% other

Mexico City, Federal District

Economy F Mexico´s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) amounted to 920 billion dollars in 2001 GDP per capita $9,100 Currency: Mexican Peso $ 1 US Dollar = $ pesos

Agroecological Regions in Mexico u Arid and Semiarid u Temperate Highland u Tropical

Facts about Mexican Agriculture 4 20 % Labor force (8 millions) 414 % Agricultural land 4 85 % cropping on rainfed land 4 15 % irrigated 4Rainfed land: 4 30 % good 4 53 % fair 4 17 % poor 4 Tractors 1.8/100 Ag. Labor 4 Combine 1/1000 Ag. Labor 4Annual Income/farmer ~$2000 Dollars

Grains harvested in 2000 Source:

Perennial Crop Production F Avocado F Banana F Citrus: –Lemon –Orange F Coffee F Mango F Papaya F Sugar cane

Other crops F Chili F Tomatoes F Onions F Strawberry F Melons F Watermelons F Guava

Livestock Production

Livestock Production, National consumption (Import and domestic) and world rank 2000

Meat Consumption 52 kg/year Per capita

The Education System in Mexico

Some data about Education in Mexico Y % literacy rate Y % literacy rate Y 90 % 15 years old people finish elementary school Y 30 millions students in all levels Y 1.4 million of teachers and professors Y 212 thousand education centers (all levels) Source:

Enrollment in National Education System 30 millions of students Source:

The structure of Mexican Education F Preschool ( 3-5 years old) F Elementary 6 levels (6-11 yrs) F Lower Secondary 3 levels (12-14 yr.) F Upper Secondary (“preparatoria”) 3 levels (15-17 yr.) F Technological Upper Secondary or Technical Professional (3 years after lower secondary) F Universities, Technological Institutes, Teacher education Colleges 4 to 5 years ( years old) F Graduate Studies: Specialization, Master and Ph.D.. Source:

Mexican Education System: Higher Education enrollment 1,727.5 thousands of students 73.6 % Public 26.5 % Private

Mexican Higher Education enrollment: by branches of Science

Agricultural Universities in Mexico Supported by Ministry of Agriculture Universidad Autonoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo Coahuila Universidad Autonoma Chapingo, Texcoco Estado de Mexico Colegio de Postgraduados en Ciencias Agricolas, Texcoco Estado de Mexico

Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México UNAM F Oldest University : 1551 F Decentralized F Autonomous F Funded by Federal Government: – Secretary of Education – Competitive research funds: CONACYT – UNAM Foundation: private support (10%) F Mission: – Teaching, Research and Outreach

F 85 % of research in Mexico (all areas) F Comprehensive University (4-6 years) F 68 Colleges offer 130 careers – ( College Students ) – College of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics ( 2 campuses >3500 students) – College of Agricultural Sciences (1000 students) UNAM

International trade

Agricultural Trade and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) FNAFTA: Canada, the U.S. and Mexico FMexico Third largest foreign importer from U.S u After Japan and Canada Second largest foreign supplier of Ag. Products to U.S. After Canada FTotal US Ag. exports to Mexico : 10 % meat and meat products 17 % seed 22 % live animals 22 % dairy products 43 % sorghum

Agricultural Trade and NAFTA FOver a third of U.S Ag. Imports came from Mexico: –50 % Melons –36 % live animals –20 % of coffee –10 % fruit juice – 6% Bananas FU.S. Is the main market for Mexican Ag. Exports: –95 % Horticultural products –75 % Coffee –56 % Sugar –50 % Live animals –98 % Beer –80 % Tequila

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