你好 ! Hello! Здравствуйте ! ¡hola! bonjour ! こんにち は ! Language By Vito Bica for Design 21

Objectives for the Chapter Develop an appreciation for the significance of language to cultural identity. Establish an understanding of the geographic distribution, globalization, and diffusion of the English language and its dialects. Get a sense of the geographic distribution historical relationships of non-English language families. Consider the situation of language extinction and potential solutions for language preservation.

Language How would you define language? Why is it relevant to study languages in a cultural geography class?

Language Family Tree Language families are groups of languages that share an ancestral language in the distant past. There are 90 language families, but six major ones. The most widely spoken is Indo- European.

Diffusion of Languages One theory is that languages spread as a result of agriculture and the diffusion of farming cultures. As opposed to hunters and gatherers, they were able to support larger populations. Expansion of empires and trade were also important factors.

Diffusion of English Film: The Rise of EnglishThe Rise of English Summarize the global spread of English: Where did it originate? Possibly in the region north of the Black and Caspian Seas or in Anatolia (region comprising much of Turkey) around 5000 BCE. Where has it spread? What kind of diffusion?

Responses to Global Dominance of English Language dominance – When one language becomes more powerful than another. Today, English is the lingua franca, or a language of international communication. World’s English ManiaWorld’s English Mania Yet, not all countries / regions are open to the dominance of English. In the 70s and 80s, Québec faced a conflict between the dominant majority of French speakers and an English minority. Quebec video – War of Words Quebec video A Global Language

World Resources Institute Fact-o-rama The globalization of English represents a threat to less widely used languages—or a conflict with local diversity. There are roughly 6,900 languages. Half of the world’s languages could disappear by 2100, with an average of one lost every two weeks. Roughly 80% of the global population speaks 1% of the world’s languages

Preserving Language Diversity Endangered and Extinct Languages Endangered languages – no longer taught to kids and isn’t used for everyday interactions. Linguistic diversity index – expresses likelihood that two randomly selected individuals in a country will speak different first languages. City of Endangered Languages, Three Thousand Languages City of Endangered LanguagesThree Thousand Languages Extinct languages – have no living speakers, a “dead” language. Languages revived: Hebrew (with the creation of Israel) Preservation: Celtic languages

Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages, 2007 Endangered Languages Map

Languages of Africa

Language and Dialects Dialect – regional variation of a language. Unique vocab, spelling, and pronunciation. Isogloss - Line that represents a word usage boundary. Standard dialect– when a language has multiple dialects, one may be recognized as the most acceptable for government, business, and communications.

Dialects Map Activity Dialect Listening Activity In the United States, there is greater variation in dialects from North to South than East to West. What do you think explains this pattern?

Every word not used nationally has a geographic boundary, known as an isogloss.

Dialects My Fair Lady How does a person’s dialect influence what you think about them? What are common stereotypes associated with dialects in the United States? PSU

Review –Things to Focus on In Reading and from Class What is language? What does it include? Language with the most speakers? Largest language family? Most dominant language? Define language families. What family and branch is English part of? Origin of the Indo-European branch? Second largest family…what major language does it include? Hearth of English, how did it diffuse historically? Today? Why do people learn English today? Be able to refer to the “Rise of English” clip. Be able to summarize main points of the video about Quebec. What makes languages endangered? What are the concerns about this? Dialects-relevant terminology, explanation of dialect distribution in the US (east/west vs. north/south, impact on stereotypes.