HUMAN GENETICS ch12

Do now:  2. A certain trait is caused by a recessively inherited gene that is not sex-linked. A man and a woman, neither of whom exhibit the trait, have a child with the trait. What is the probability that the second child will have the trait?  0% 25% 50% 100%  6. Which cellular process in plants makes them useful to animals as a source of energy?  ATP Production  DNA Replication  Cellular Respiration  Glucose production

Patterns of Inheritance  Traits and diseases can be passed from generation to generation  Complete Dominance Dominant: Huntingtons, Achondroplasia, Polydactyly Recessive: Albinism, Cystic Fibrosis, Sickle cell anemia  X-linked (sex-linked) Colorblindness, Hemophilia  Multiple Allele Blood Type  Polygenic Color of Skin, Eyes, Hair Height

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Blood Type  Four basic types A,B, AB, O  Genetic and inherited from your parents  Genetic- caused by genes  Inherited- passed to offspring  You tube 2:30 – 4:00 Donuts with rainbow sprinkes, brown sprinkles, both or noneDonuts with rainbow sprinkes, brown sprinkles, both or none  Blood Transfusion Blood Transfusion  amniocentisis amniocentisis

How common is my blood type?

Blood Type  Type A  Type B  Type O  Type AB

Do Now:  1. Scientists use a certain technique to measure RNA levels in various cell types. Which of the following is most directly observed by this technique?  Mutation  Biomagnification  Gene expression  Osmotic regulation  3. A pyramid of biomass illustrates the relative amount of living organic matter available at each trophic level in an ecosystem. How I this concept illustrated on a pyramid of biomass?  Plants are always located at the top  Plants are always locatedin the middle  Plants are shown to have the smallest number of individual organisms  Plants form the base of the pyramid and have the greatest overall biomass

Type O mom x Type AB Dad

I B i x I A I B

Genetic Traits  To Identify how a trait is passed along, we use a Pedigree.  Similar to a family tree: Circles = female Boxes = male Filled in = the person has the trait Half filled in means the person carries the trait (not always known)

Genetic Conditions  Traits or diseases that are determined by your DNA are described as genetic. Having big muscles – not genetic Having white skin – genetic Liking the taste of oranges – not genetic Tasting PTC paper - genetic  But just because it is genetic, DOES NOT mean that it is inherited.  Some conditions can occur because of an error or mutation in a developing organism Example: Trisomy-21 aka Down Syndrome

Trisomy – Three copies  If meiosis GOES WRONG, the WRONG number of DNA ends up in a cell.  Most of the time the organism will die.  There are a few particular circumstances for life:

Types of mutations – page 225  Chromosome Mutations:  Nondisjucntion = Down Syndrome  Deletion  Inversion  Translocation  Gene Mutations:  Point Mutation – Genes  DNA  Nucleotides = letters Substitution – sickle cell Deletion (*Frame Shift) Insertion (*Frame Shift)

Mutations  THE CAT RAN AND GOT FIT  THE CAT RAN AND GOT FAT  THE KAT RAN AND GOT FIT  THE CAT RAA NDG OTF IT  THE CAT ZRA NAN DGO TFI T

Detecting Disorders  Genetic Screening  Take a family history  Blood work  Predict possibilities  Genetic counseling- helps couples decide what to do  Amniocentesis  Chorionic villi sampling