© 2009 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved. Approved for public release, distribution unlimited The Future of the Electromagnetic Spectrum in Aerospace Testing Darrell Ernst 10 February 2009 Presented at Aero India 2009 NIMHANS Convention Centre, Bangalore

© 2009 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved. Page 2 Agenda ■Use of radio spectrum in aerospace testing ■Responding to the threat ■The future of the radio spectrum ■Spectrum as a commodity ■Summary and conclusions

© 2009 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved. Page 3 Agenda ■Use of radio spectrum in aerospace testing ■Responding to the threat ■The future of the radio spectrum ■Spectrum as a commodity ■Summary and conclusions

© 2009 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved. ■Land space ■Air (and/or Sea) space ■People ■Instrumentation The Fundamental Test Resources Page 4 and

© 2009 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved. ■Radar ■Telemetry ■Time, space & position information (TSPI) ■Test command & control ■Range safety ■Data relay ■Radar cross section & radio reflectivity ■Weather (rawinsonde) Use of the Radio Spectrum Page 5

© 2009 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved. ■Radio spectrum is fully allocated from 3 kHz to 300 GHz –Addition of new radio services means that existing users must share or decrease their usage ■Demand for spectrum is direct result of the Information Age Demand for Spectrum Page 6

© 2009 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved. The Exploding Information Age 7 Source: The Diverse and Exploding Digital Universe, Study funded by EMC X X X Bytes Growth of Information NOTE: 1 X bytes = 1 Exabyte. Total of all printed matter in world = 5 exabytes of stored information 5 All printed matter

© 2009 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved. ■Military ■Civil aviation ■Medical ■Emergency management & response ■Commercial sector (banks, petrochemical, transportation) ■Consumer services –Cellular –WiMax/4G –Digital audio radio (AsiaStar/WorldSpace) –Concierge ■Science –Radio astronomy –Atmospheric research The Wireless Age is Upon Us Page 8

© 2009 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved. The Crowded Spectrum Page 9 The two laws of spectrum physics 1. The greater the data rate, the greater the bandwidth 2. The higher the frequency, the greater the difficulty 2,500 bps 2,500,000 bps2,500,000 Hertz bandwidth 2,500 Hertz bandwidth 10,000,000 Hertz 1 Rupee per mile (12,000 miles) 10,000,000,000 Hertz 1,000 Rupees per mile (300 miles)

© 2009 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved. Demand for Telemetry Spectrum Page 10

© 2009 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved. Demand for Telemetry Spectrum Page 11

© 2009 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved. Page 12 Agenda ■Use of radio spectrum in aerospace testing ■Responding to the threat ■The future of the radio spectrum ■Spectrum as a commodity ■Summary and conclusions

© 2009 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved. ■US aerospace organizations establish iNET integrated Network Enhanced Telemetry ■Airbus develops packet telemetry system using commercial OFDM * Technology ■International test organizations form ICTS International Consortium for Telemetry Spectrum ■International collaboration at 2007 WRC* results in more spectrum for telemetry –59 MHz worldwide, 1.4 GHz in ITU Region II Aerospace Test Organizations Respond Page 13 *OFDM=Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing WRC=World Radiocommunication Conference

© 2009 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved. 14 WRC Telemetry Item Outcome Lyons Summary

© 2009 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved. Page 15 Agenda ■Use of radio spectrum in aerospace testing ■Responding to the threat ■The future of the radio spectrum ■Spectrum as a commodity ■Summary and conclusions

© 2009 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved. The Regulated Radio Spectrum

© 2009 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved. The Threat 17

© 2009 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved. More Threats 18

© 2009 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved. Page 19 Agenda ■Use of radio spectrum in aerospace testing ■Responding to the threat ■The future of the radio spectrum ■Spectrum as a commodity ■Summary and conclusions

© 2009 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved. ■Most nations charge a fee for licenses or allocations ■Many nations studying ways to increase revenue from spectrum –Spectrum auctions very popular in some nations ■Test community may have to learn how to charge range users The Spectrum as a Source of Wealth Page 20 All costs are passed on to the user!

© 2009 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved. Costing Strategies for Test Ranges ■Amortized Costing ■Usage Based Costing ■Composite Costing (Amortization + Usage) 21 Fee = Hours used x [($NRE + $O&M)/(available hours)] Fee = Hours used x ( X $/Hertz) Fee = Hours used x {( X $/Hertz) + [($NRE + $O&M)/(available hours)]} Fee = Hours used x {( X $/Hertz) + [($NRE + $O&M)/(available hours)]} NRE= Non-Recurring Expenses O&M= Operations and maintenance

© 2009 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved. Page 22 Agenda ■Use of radio spectrum in aerospace testing ■Responding to the threat ■The future of the radio spectrum ■Spectrum as a commodity ■Summary and conclusions

© 2009 The MITRE Corporation. All rights reserved. Summary ■Demand for radio spectrum will continue to increase ■Test usage of spectrum will increase ■Threats to access will increase ■Access will require multiple strategies ■Economics of spectrum will probably lead to fee system 23