Doing it tough in Urban spaces in Adelaide ( Dr. Helen. Cameron – UniSA) This paper discusses aspects of results from ARC funded Research – UniSA, Flinders Uni and Department of Human Services (DHS) Timeframe of the study – 2001 to 2003 Study of a sample of disadvantaged residents identified according to SEIFA Index Initial phase with 512 residents Follow up phase with 260 of these

In this Session Social Disadvantage of the Sample Culture, Parenting & Housing Perceptions of Trust & Safety Backgrounds of Risk in the Suburbs Collective Efficacy in the Neighbourhood Synthesis of Issues Conclusions

SEIFA Map of Disadvantage ( Adelaide metro)

1. Social Disadvantage 73.1% completed only Year 11 or less [Metro Adelaide: 52.3%] 47.4% were of single-parents [Metro Adelaide 16.6%] and 46.6% were parents for the first time at < 19 years [Metro Adelaide: 9.8%] 6.0% were employed [Metro Adelaide 54%] 73.7% main source of income was Govt. assistance 36.9% no access to a car [Metro Adelaide 11%]

2. Culture & Housing 6.8% identified as being of ATSI origin [Metro Adelaide: 1.0%] with 10.9% of children being identified as of ATSI origin Most residents were renting their homes from the SAHT (55.8%) [Metro Adelaide: 8.0%] 24.5% are in private rental accommodation [Metro Adelaide: 17.3%] – so ownership < 20% Housing Mobility %had lived at their current address < 1 year; 69.4% < 5 years [Metro Adelaide: <1 yr, 10.2% <5 yr, 26.4%]

Safety & neighbourhood conditions- newly vacated house vandalised

3. Perceptions of Neighbourhood Safety & Trust (2001/2002 Data) Perceptions of safety & trust (scale 1- 4) Questions about whether others could be trusted and about how safe they felt No suburb had scores indicating residents felt safe or trusted others much– 1.9 average Also little variation of opinion on these variables - range 1.7 to 2.4 (SD between 0.03 and 0.9) Single parents with ONE adult in house – expressed lowest levels of trust in others and general feelings of safety

Social disorder in the suburbs Garage and bus-stop vandalised

4. RISK – the Stats on Crime in the Suburbs (SAPOL data base 2000) Rates per 1,000 for crimes in 2000 in the suburbs studied, c.f. overall Adelaide Metro rates: Property crimes 263 c.f. 131 Personal attacks 40 c.f. 13 Sexual attacks 6 c.f. 1 General law & order 45 c.f. 19 Drugs 81 c.f. 3 So low trust & perceptions of risk have a reality base in actual crime rates

5. Collective Efficacy as a Construct Collective efficacy is a measure of two fields of perception: (Sampson 1997) Informal social control How likely people are to take action about events in the neighbourhood Social cohesion Sense of connection and agreement with others in neighbourhood

Neighbourhoods & Informal Social Control Vacant house vandalised in SA

6. Synthesis Low levels of trust, Informal social control, combine with risk (i.e. crime)& other factors to lower social connection Other factors - Sole parents (46%), and residential mobility (74% moving several times in last 5 years) are factors that lower levels of social connection

7. Conclusions The combined picture of low safety & trust, high mobility and sole parenting, low collective efficacy and high risk from crime rates calls for targeted intervention Government services need to aim to build stronger, safer communities and to provide better supports for sole parents (education pathways, parenting support) Children are the nation’s future and require intelligent investment by all sectors of government