LIVING THE REVOLUTION: CITY AND COUNTRYSIDE HI 168: Lecture 12 Dr. Howard Chiang

OVERVIEW -Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference -Mass Political Campaigns A. Suppressing Counter-Revolutionaries B. Three-Anti Campaign C. Five-Anti Campaign -Constitution of Building a Planned Economy: A. The First Five Year Plan B. Land ReformC. Collectivization

CPPCC -Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference: September 21-30, Common Program: 1 st statement of national policy under the new CCP govt. -2 Organic Laws: National and Standing Committee & the People’s Government -Common Program: 60 clauses -Mao, “On the Dictatorship of People’s Democracy” (Jun 30) – lean to one side

Mass Political Campaigns -3 most important political campaigns that were launched to control and win over the urban population: 1. Movement for the Suppression of Counter-Revolutionaries 2. Three-Anti Campaign 3. Five-Anti Campaign

COUNTER-REVOLUTIONARIES -Counter-revolutionaries: leading members of the GMD and senior officers of its army as well as the highest ranking police officers and secret agents who had worked for the former regime -Jan-Oct 1950: 13,812 arrests -Eliminate Counter-Revolutionary Elements

COUNTER-REVOLUTIONARIES -“Regulations on the Suppression of Counter-Revolutionaries” -Also targeted leaders of traditional Buddhist and Daoist secret societies -Mass meetings -500,000 to 800,000 deaths (Mao, 1957) -Suicides – difficult to assess

THREE-ANTI CAMPAIGN -Corruption, waste, and the culture of bureaucracy -Trial basis in Northeast by Gao Gang -Similar to the earlier New Life Movement under GMD, but targeted govt. officials -“mass struggle movement” -Individuals singled out, humiliated, and denounced -Served as a template for future mass campaigns

FIVE-ANTI CAMPAIGN -Jan 1952: bribery, tax evasion, fraud, theft of government property, and the leakage of state secrets -directed at “national bourgeoisie” (industrialist & traders) -allow activists in workers’ organizations to examine employer’s finances -Outcome: the Party gained understanding about the workings of private sector in towns & cities

1954 CONSTITUTION -Adopted by National People’s Congress on September 20, Standing Committee -Chairman of the PRC -State Council -Local people’s congresses -National flag & national emblem -Democratic?

FIRST FIVE YEAR PLAN -Industrial developments had been patchy – Northeast (Jap. Occupation) -“Decisions on the Unification of the Nation’s Financial and Economic Work”: centralize finance and taxation accompanied by restrictions on the circulation of foreign currency -1952: State of Statistical Bureau & State Planning Commission -expand industry; rid of private sector

LAND REFORM -Policy of confiscating land from the landowning classes and redistributing it to the poorest peasants -History: - Jiangxi Soviet period ( ) - United Front ( ) – relaxed - Civil War ( ) – harsher -By 1949, CCP already quite experienced

LAND REFORM Agrarian Reform Law: “land ownership system…should be abolished and the system of peasant landownership should be introduced” -Criteria for classifying were complex -Work Teams: 3-30 people 1. collecting taxes 2. peasant associations – “speaking bitterness” meetings -a new elite of village cadres emerged

COLLECTIVIZATION -Or cooperation began in : Mutual Aid Teams -1955: Agricultural Producers’ Cooperatives (APCs) – families : High Agricultural Producers’ Cooperatives (HPCs) – families -What did collectivization mean for the families involved?