KINGDOM ANIMALIA Characteristics of Animals

Picasso time! 3 minutes! Draw the first thing that comes to mind when you hear the word……. ANIMAL

Picasso time! How many of you drew a familiar animal such as a dog, cat or horse? How many drew a wild animal? How many drew more than one type of animal? Did anyone draw something that shows the general characteristics of an animal, rather than a specific animal?

Picasso time! If you knew nothing about animals, what would you conclude about animals based on these drawings?

Animalia

General Characteristics All animals are eukaryotic and multicellular All animal cells do not have cell walls All animals are heterotrophic: - They are unable to obtain energy directly from the sun and must therefore obtain food and energy from other Heterotrophic or Autotrophic organisms

To survive Animals must: Feed to gain nutrients Respire to use oxygen Have an internal transport for o2, nutrients, and waste Excrete their wastes Respond to their environment Move (actually some are sessile!) Reproduce

How would you group animals? Frog, horse, shark, snake, jellyfish, shrimp, lobster, octopus, snail, sea star, eagle, cricket, crab, salmon, dolphin, monkey, earthworm, tapeworm, butterfly, moose, iguana, turtle, bat, eel, squid, bumble bee, sea urchin, leech, earthworm, tarantula spider, oyster, clam What are the Unifying Characteristics of each group you have made?

Animal Cell Diagram

Animal Species Somewhere around 9 or 10 million species of animals inhabit the earth. About 800,000 species have been identified.

Seven Levels of Taxonomic Classification Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Animal Phyla Biologists recognize about 36 separate phyla within the Kingdom Animalia. We will look at 9 phyla: 8 invertebrate phyla

Major Animal Phyla

Animal Classification 1. Level of Organization (Tissues) 2. Type of Body Plan 3. Type of Symmetry 4. Type of Coelom 5. Segmentation 6. Embryological Development

1. Level of Organization All living organisms can demonstrate different levels of organization: Atoms, Molecules, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organisms.

1. Level of Organization Cellular level : - No tissues present, just cells Tissue level: - Has tissues but no organs - Has 2 germ layers –Endoderm = inner layer of cells –Ectoderm = outer layer of cells Organ level: - Has 3 germ layers –Endoderm = inner layer of cells –Ectoderm = outer layer of cells –Mesoderm = middle layer of cells

TISSUE LAYERORGAN & ORGAN SYSTEMS THEY FORM EctodermNervous system Skin MesodermMuscles Circulatory System Skeletal System Reproductive System EndodermLining of gut and respiratory tracts Liver Pancreas

1. Level of Organization con’t The bodies of most animals (all except sponges) are made up of cells organized into tissues. Each tissue is specialized to perform specific functions. In most animals, tissues are organized into even more specialized organs.

1. Level of Organization con’t a. Cellular Level b. Tissue Level c. Organ Level

2. Body Plan Sac-Like Plan: - Has an incomplete digestive system with only one opening which serves the function of both the mouth and the anus Tube-Within-a-Tube Plan: - Has a complete digestive system with two openings – a mouth for food input and an anus for waste output

2. Body Plan con’t a. Sac-Like Plan b. Tube-Within-A-Tube Plan

3. Body Symmetry How many ways can you divide a pizza into perfect halves?

3. Body Symmetry con’t How many ways can you divide a chair into perfect halves?

3. Body Symmetry con’t How many ways can you divide a rock into perfect halves?

3. Body Symmetry con’t a. Asymmetrical body (ex. Rock) b. Radial Symmetry (ex. Pizza) c. Bilateral Symmetry (ex. Chair)

Body Symmetry Asymmetry (sponge) Radial symmetry (sea anemone) Pentaradial symmetry (starfish, sea urchin) Bilateral symmetry (human, insect)

Body Symmetry

Body symmetry

Animal Symmetry The most primitive animals are asymmetrical.

a. Asymmetrical Ex. The Sponges

Radial Symmetry …applies to forms that can be divided into similar halves by more than two planes passing through it. Animals with radial symmetry are usually sessile (remain in a fixed place), free-floating, or weakly swimming.

b. Radial Symmetry Ex. Sea Stars, Sea Urchins, Anemone

c. Bilateral Symmetry Animals with bilateral symmetry are most well-suited for directional movement which makes them motile

Radial vs. Bilateral Symmetry

Cephalization Bilateral Symmetry usually has led to cephalization—the process by which sensory organs and appendages became localized in the head end of animals.

4. Type of Coelom A coelom is an internal body cavity that develops from the mesoderm tissue layer during an animal’s development. This cavity lies between the gut and the body wall and is lined by epithelial cells which make up the peritoneum.

4. Type of Coelom con’t 1.Acoelomates 2.Pseudocoelomates 3.Coelomates

AcoelomatePseudocoelomateCoelomate Endoderm Mesoderm Ectoderm No Coelom Body Cavity (-) Peritoneum Body Cavity (+) Peritoneum

a. Acoelomates These animals have no other cavity than the gut. They are often called the “solid worms.”

b. Pseudocoelomates These animals have a body cavity (the pseudocoelom) which is not completely lined with mesoderm. The “tube within a tube” body plan. This category is also composed of mostly worms.

c. Coelomates These animals have a “true coelom” lined with mesodermal peritoneum. Most animals are coelomate.

5. Segmentation Segmentation refers to the repetition of body parts that contain similar structures along the length of the body. This can lead to specialization of body parts because various segments become differentiated for specific purposes

5. Segmentation con’t

Animal Evolution We typically study animals in three groups which reflect their evolutionary history. A. The Lower Invertebrates These phyla demonstrate a fairly linear evolution (simple biology) They include: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes and Nematodes

Early embryonic development

The blastopore becomes…. The mouth in protostomes The anus in deuterostomes

Animal Evolution B. The Protostomes  This is one of two main branches of animal evolution Named this way due to embryo development They include the Annelids, Molluscs, and Arthropods

Animal Evolution C. The Deuterostomes These are the the animals on the other great branch of animal evolution Include the Echinoderms and the Chordates (including us!) Represent the most highly evolved animals

Animals Multicellular Eukaryotic Heterotrophs No cell walls 7 “must have” behaviours Evolutionary advances

Evolutionary “Advances” effect behaviour 1.Multicellular body plan 2.True tissues (germ layers) 3.Bilaterally symmetrical body plan (vs. radial, asymmetrical) 4.“Tube-within-a-tube” body plan (vs no body cavity) 5.Coelomate body plan (vs. pseudoceolomate) 6.Segmentation (vs. non segmented) 7.Prostostome (vs deuterostome)

The 7 animal “must have” behaviours: 1. Feed to gain nutrients 2. Respire to use oxygen 3. Have an internal transport for o2, nutrients, and waste 4. Excrete their wastes 5. Respond to their environment 6. Move (actually some are sessile!) 7. Reproduce

Other terms to know Ventral - the underside Dorsal - the back of the animal; the side opposite the ventral side. The vertebral column of vertebrates is on the dorsal side of the animal. Lateral - toward the side Median - toward the middle Anterior - the head end Posterior - the end opposite the head end Caudal - toward the tail Cranial - toward the head

Other terms to know (continued) (will not be on a test or quiz, but are useful for labs etc.) Longitudinal - along a line from the head to the tail Transverse - along a line that is 90° to the longitudinal axis (see above) Superficial - shallow Pectoral - toward the forelimbs Pelvic - toward the rear limbs Distal - far from Proximal - near