ELAINE N. MARIEB EIGHTH EDITION 3 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY PART A Cells and Tissues

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cells and Tissues  Cells are the building blocks of all living things  Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function Cell Tissue What type of tissue? ADIPOSE (FAT)

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of the Cell  Cells are organized into three main regions  Nucleus  Cytoplasm  Plasma membrane Figure 3.1a

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Nucleus  Control center of the cell  Contains genetic material (DNA)  Three regions  Nuclear membrane  Nucleolus  Chromatin Figure 3.1b

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nuclear Membrane  Protects the nucleus, controls what goes in and out of the nucleus  Consists of a double phospholipid membrane  Contain nuclear pores that allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cell

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nucleoli  Sites of ribosome production  Ribosomes then move to the cytoplasm through nuclear pores

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chromatin  Composed of DNA and protein  Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divides

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Plasma Membrane  Controls what goes in and out of the cell  Double phospholipid layer  Phospholipids—are a lipid made of phosphate group and two fatty acids.  Hydrophilic (like water) heads- phosphate  Hydrophobic (hates water) tails- fatty acids  Also contains protein, cholesterol, and glycoproteins  Selectively Permeable: allows some materials to pass through but not others

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Plasma Membrane Figure 3.2

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Plasma Membrane Specializations  Microvilli  Finger-like projections that increase surface area for absorption Figure 3.3

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microvilli in Small Intestine- Light Microscope

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microvilli in Small Intestine – Electron Microscope

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasm  Material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane  Cytosol  Fluid of the cell  Organelles  Parts of the cell  Inclusions  Chemical substances

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles Figure 3.4

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles  Ribosomes  Made of protein and RNA  Sites of protein synthesis

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles  Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)  Fluid-filled tubules for carrying substances  Two types of ER  Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum  Have ribosomes  Makes building materials for the cell membrane  Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (no ribosomes)  Makes and breaks down cholesterol, metabolizes fat, and detoxifies drugs

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) RER- Electron Microscope

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles  Golgi apparatus  Modifies and packages proteins  Sends the proteins to where they are needed in the cell

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Golgi Apparatus Figure 3.6

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles  Lysosomes  Contain chemicals that break down large food particles into smaller ones  They also break down old cell parts  “The Cell’s cleanup crew”  Peroxisomes  Membranous sacs of enzymes  Detoxify harmful substances (peroxide)  Break down free radicals (highly reactive chemicals)

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lysosome Action

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles  Mitochondria  “Powerhouses” of the cell  Carry out reactions where oxygen is used to break down food  Provides ATP for cellular energy

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles  Cytoskeleton  Network of protein structures that extend throughout the cytoplasm  Supports the cell, “cell skeleton” Figure 3.7a

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cytoplasmic Organelles  Cytoskeleton  Three different types  Microfilaments  Intermediate filaments  Microtubules Figure 3.7b–d

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cellular Projections  Not found in all cells  Cilia  moves materials across the cell surface  Small hair-like  Flagellum  propels the cell

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Epithelial lining of the trachea Cilia

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings What human cell has a flagellum? Sperm

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cell Diversity Figure 3.8a–b

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cell Diversity Figure 3.8c

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cell Diversity Figure 3.8d–e

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cell Diversity Figure 3.8f–g

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cell Diversity  You have cells that:  Cells that connect body parts  Fibroblasts, Erythrocytes  Cells that cover and line body organs  Epithelial cells  Cells that cover and move body parts  Muscle cells  Cells that store nutrients  Fat cells

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cell Diversity  Cells that fight disease  Macrophages (white blood cells)  Cells that gather information and control body functions  Nerve cell  Cells of reproduction  Sperm cell, Egg cell

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Tissues  Cells are specialized for particular functions  Tissues  Groups of cells with similar structure and function  Four primary types  Epithelium  Connective tissue  Nervous tissue  Muscle

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Epithelial Tissues  Found in different areas  Body coverings  Body linings  Glandular tissue  Functions  Protection  Absorption  Filtration  Secretion

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Epithelium Characteristics  Cells fit closely together  Tissue layer always has one free surface  The lower surface is bound by a basement membrane  Avascular (have no blood supply)  Regenerate easily if well nourished

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Epithelium  Number of cell layers  Simple – one layer  Stratified – more than one layer Figure 3.17a

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Classification of Epithelium  Shape of cells  Squamous – flattened  Cuboidal – cube- shaped  Columnar – column-like Figure 3.17b

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Simple Squamous Epithelium  Simple squamous  Single layer of flat cells  Usually forms membranes  Lines body cavities  Lines lungs and capillaries Figure 3.18a

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Simple Squamous Epithelium

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Simple Cuboidal Epithelium  Simple cuboidal  Single layer of cube-like cells  Common in glands and their ducts  Forms walls of kidney tubules  Covers the ovaries Figure 3.18b

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Simple Columnar Epithelium  Simple columnar  Single layer of tall cells  Often includes goblet cells, which produce mucus  Lines digestive tract Figure 3.18c

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Simple Columnar Epithelium

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Simple Pseudostratified Epithelium  Pseudostratified  Single layer, but some cells are shorter than others  Often looks like a double cell layer  Sometimes ciliated, such as in the respiratory tract  May function in absorption or secretion Figure 3.18d

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pseudostratified Ciliated Epithelium

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stratified Squamous Epithelium  Stratified squamous  Cells at the free edge are flattened  Found as a protective covering where friction is common  Locations  Skin  Mouth  Esophagus Figure 3.18e

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Stratified Epithelium  Stratified cuboidal  Two layers of cuboidal cells  Stratified columnar  Surface cells are columnar, cells underneath vary in size and shape  Stratified cuboidal and columnar  Rare in human body  Found mainly in ducts of large glands

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Stratified Transitional Epithelium  Transitional epithelium  Shape of cells depends upon the amount of stretching  Lines organs of the urinary system Figure 3.18f

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Transitional Epithelium

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Glandular Epithelium  Gland – one or more cells that secretes a particular product  Two major gland types  Endocrine gland  Ductless  Secretions are hormones  Exocrine gland  Empty through ducts to the epithelial surface  Include sweat and oil glands

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Endocrine vs. Exocrine Glands

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue  Found everywhere in the body  Includes the most abundant and widely distributed tissues  Functions  Binds body tissues together  Supports the body  Provides protection

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Characteristics  Variations in blood supply  Some tissue types are well vascularized  Some have poor blood supply or are avascular (tendons and ligaments- heal slowly)  Extracellular matrix  Produced by connective tissue cells, non- living material surrounds the cells.

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Extracellular Matrix  Two main elements  Ground substance – mostly water along with adhesion proteins and polysaccharide molecules  Fibers  Produced by the cells  Three types  Collagen fibers (white)- high tensile strength  Elastic fibers (yellow) – able to stretch and recoil  Reticular fibers – fine collagen fibers that form the internal “skeleton” of soft organs such as the spleen.

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Types  Bone (osseous tissue)  Composed of:  Bone cells in lacunae (cavities)  Hard matrix of calcium salts  Large numbers of collagen fibers  Used to protect and support the body Figure 3.19a

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue - Bone

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Types  Hyaline cartilage  Most common cartilage  Composed of:  Abundant collagen fibers  Rubbery matrix  Entire fetal skeleton is hyaline cartilage Figure 3.19b

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue – Hyaline Cartilage

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Types  Elastic cartilage  Provides elasticity  Example: supports the external ear Elastic Cartilage from the ear

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Types  Fibrocartilage  Highly compressible  Example: forms cushion-like discs between vertebrae Figure 3.19c

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue - Fibrocartilage

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Types  Dense connective tissue  Main matrix element: collagen fibers  Cells are fibroblasts (fiber forming cells)  Form strong, rope-like structures like:  Tendon – attach muscle to bone  Ligaments – attach bone to bone  Makes up lower layers of the skin (dermis) Figure 3.19d

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue – Dense Connective Tissue

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Loose Connective Tissue  Softer and have more cells and fewer fibers  Types:  Areolar Tissue  Adipose Tissue  Reticular Connective Tissue

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Types  Areolar connective tissue  Most widely distributed connective tissue  Soft, pliable tissue  Contains all fiber types  Can soak up excess fluid  If area of the body is swollen (edema), water is being held in this tissue  Cushions and protects body organs it wraps  Body cells get their nutrients from and release waste into this tissue fluid. Figure 3.19e areola = small open space

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue - Areolar

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3.19f Connective Tissue Types  Adipose tissue (fat)  Matrix is an areolar tissue in which fat globules predominate  Many cells contain large lipid deposits  Functions  Insulates the body  Protects some organs  Serves as a site of fuel storage

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue – Adipose Tissue

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Types  Reticular connective tissue  Delicate network of interwoven fibers  Forms stroma (internal supporting network) of lymphoid organs  Lymph nodes  Spleen  Bone marrow Figure 3.19g

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue – Reticular Connective Tissue

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue Types  Blood  Blood cells surrounded by fluid matrix (plasma)  Fibers are visible during clotting  Functions as the transport vehicle for materials Figure 3.19h

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Connective Tissue - Blood

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscle Tissue  Function is to produce movement  Three types  Skeletal muscle  Cardiac muscle  Smooth muscle

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscle Tissue Types  Skeletal muscle  Can be controlled voluntarily  Cells attach to connective tissue  Cells are striated (striped)  Cells have more than one nucleus Figure 3.20a

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscle Tissue - Skeletal

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscle Tissue Types  Cardiac muscle  Found only in the heart  Function is to pump blood (involuntary)  Cells attached to other cardiac muscle cells at intercalated disks  Cells are striated  One nucleus per cell Figure 3.20b

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscular Tissue - Cardiac

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscle Tissue Types  Smooth muscle  Involuntary muscle  Surrounds hollow organs  Attached to other smooth muscle cells  No visible striations  One nucleus per cell Figure 3.20c

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscular Tissue - Smooth

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nervous Tissue  Neurons and nerves support cells  Function is to send impulses to other areas of the body  Irritability  Conductivity Figure 3.21

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nervous Tissue

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Tissue Repair  Regeneration  Replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells  Fibrosis  Repair by dense fibrous connective tissue (scar tissue)  Determination of method  Type of tissue damaged  Severity of the injury

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Events in Tissue Repair  Capillaries become very permeable  Introduce clotting proteins – form a clot that prevents blood loss and holds edges of the wound together  Wall off injured area from bacteria  Formation of granulation tissue (pink tissue made of new capillaries)  Regeneration of surface epithelium

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Regeneration of Tissues  Tissues that regenerate easily  Epithelial tissue  Fibrous connective tissue and bone  Tissues that regenerate poorly  Skeletal muscle  Tissues that are replaced largely with scar tissue  Cardiac muscle  Nervous tissue within the brain and spinal cord

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Developmental Aspects of Tissue  Epithelial tissue arises from all three primary germ layers (endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm)  Muscle and connective tissue arise from the mesoderm  Nervous tissue arises from the ectoderm  With old age there is a decrease in mass and viability in most tissues

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Germ Layers  Germs layers are formed in the embryo.  Blastula- embryo stage, tiny ball of cells  Gastrula – embryo stage where three germ layers are formed.

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Germ Layers