The Animal Kingdom Nancy G. Morris Volunteer State Community College

General Characteristics: (Outcome #1) Exhibit multicellular construction Composed of eukaryotic cells Nutrition is by ingestion Animals differ from plants Contain centrioles & asters Lack chlorophyll, plastids, cell walls Exhibit both embryonic and larval stages Exclusively heterotrophic

General Characteristics: Complex organisms have up to 10 systems 1)Skeletal 2)Muscular * 3)Endocrine * Unique to animals 4)Nervous * 5)Circulatory 6)Lymphatic 7)Integumentary 8)Reproductive 9)Excretory 10)Respiratory 11)Digestive

General Characteristics: Adult form may be viewed as a complex tube within a tube Reflected by the presence of 3 primary germ layers: –Ectoderm – integument & nervous –Mesoderm – all other systems –Endoderm – digestive

General Characteristics: Reflected by the presence of 3 primary germ layers: –Ectoderm – integument & nervous –Mesoderm – all other systems –Endoderm – digestive Triploblastic – possess all 3 germ layers Diploblastic – possess only 2 germ layers

General Characteristics: Exhibit the Diplontic Life Cycle Exhibit the Diplontic Life Cycle (sexual reproduction) Adult 2N Gamete 1N Zygote 2N Adult 2N Zygote 2N egg 1N sperm 1N mitosis meiosis

 Broad Classification

Animal Classification includes (Outcome #2) Broad Classification Broad Classification in addition to the seven taxa employed in the other kingdoms between kingdom and phylum based on these characteristics:

Broad Classification 1) Level of Organization 2) Type of Body Symmetry 3) Type of Body Cavity 4) Embryonic Development

Level of Organization IF the cell develops from a single cell to the tissue level only, it belongs to Parazoa Subkingdom Parazoa (beside the animals) Phylum Porifera Phylum Porifera - sponges (to bear pores)

Level of Organization All others develop to an organ or organ system level: Eumetazoa Subkingdom Eumetazoa ( true later animal)

1. Only sponges lack symmetry (asymmetrical) 2. Organisms whose body parts are organized around a central axis and radiate from the central core like the spokes of a wheel exhibit radial symmetry. (Think of an orange.) 3. Organisms whose body parts are arranged along a longitudinal axis where right and left half are mirror images of each other exhibit bilaterial symmetry. (Think of a butterfly.) Type of Body Symmetry

Radially symmetrical organisms belong to Grade Radiata Grade Radiata

Type of Body Symmetry Bilaterally symmetrical organisms belong to Grade Bilaterata Grade Bilaterata

Type of Body Symmetry Grade Radiata larva, ancestors, AND adults are radially symmetrical Phylum Cnidaria - jellyfish

Another typical Cnidarian: Hydra

Cnidarian forms

Type of Body Symmetry Grade Bilaterata larva, ancestors, OR adults are bilaterally symmetrical All others belong to the

Type of Body Cavity (coelom) Subgrade Acoelomata Phylum Platyhelminthes -the flatworms NO body cavity Solid layer of mesoderm ectoderm solid mesoderm endoderm gut

Type of Body Cavity (coelom) Subgrade Pseudocoelomata Phylum Nematoda -the roundworms False cavity (false coelom) Pseudocoel only partially lined w/ mesoderm Endoderm Ectoderm w/ mesoderm lining Pseudocoel Gut

Type of Body Cavity (coelom) Subgrade Coelomata Phyla Annelida  Chordata True body cavity Coelom completely lined with mesoderm ectoderm Coelom (completely lined with mesoderm) endoderm gut

Body plans of bilaterata

Embryonic Development/ formation of the archenteron

Type of Embryonic Development  If the first opening into the blastocoel is the mouth, the organism is a Protostome.

Type of Embryonic Development  If the second opening into the blastocoel formed is the mouth, the organism is a Deutrostome.

Afamilytree

Practice: A Map to the Animal Kingdom