The Reformation

The Setup…  Babylonian Captivity & Great Schism (1377)  The Renaissance—rebirth of…  Humanism—emphasis on classical learning  How do you reconcile classical philosophy with the teachings of the Church?

Christian Humanism  Erasmus Wanted to: Wanted to: Spread the philosophy of ChristSpread the philosophy of Christ Provide education in works of ChristianityProvide education in works of Christianity Criticize the abuses in the ChurchCriticize the abuses in the Church The Praise of Folly The Praise of Folly Used humor to point out needed reformsUsed humor to point out needed reforms “Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched.”

Needs reform AGAIN?  Corruption in the Catholic Church Pope’s more interested in politics than leading the Western world in spiritual matters Pope’s more interested in politics than leading the Western world in spiritual matters Parish priests ignorant of their spiritual duties Parish priests ignorant of their spiritual duties UneducatedUneducated Church leaders using position to increase their wealth at the expense of their parishioners Church leaders using position to increase their wealth at the expense of their parishioners IndulgencesIndulgences

Martin Luther  German monk  A Bible teacher Catholic doctrine— stressed faith and good works Catholic doctrine— stressed faith and good works Luther’s study—Human beings were powerless in the sight of an almighty God and could never do enough good works to earn salvation Luther’s study—Human beings were powerless in the sight of an almighty God and could never do enough good works to earn salvation

What Luther saw 1. Chief teaching Justification by faith alone Justification by faith alone The Bible is the only source of religious truth The Bible is the only source of religious truth Theses Attack on the abuses of indulgences Attack on the abuses of indulgences Role of Gutenberg printing press Role of Gutenberg printing press

3. 7 sacraments down to 2  Baptism and Communion 4. Celibate clergy to married clergy 5. Faith alone brings salvation  Results:  Luther is excommunicated  Called to appear before the Imperial Diet  Edict of Worms— Luther declared an outlaw! (1521)

Protestantism  Lutheranism Luther was protected by the Elector of Saxony Luther was protected by the Elector of Saxony While in Saxony he translated the Bible into GermanWhile in Saxony he translated the Bible into German Luther began his own church servicesLuther began his own church services  Peace of Augsburg (1555) each prince could choose between the two faiths for his own land. each prince could choose between the two faiths for his own land. officially recognized the Lutheran Church and the right of people to worship as Protestants. officially recognized the Lutheran Church and the right of people to worship as Protestants.  The Reformation spreads To Switzerland To Switzerland

 Calvinism John Calvin, a Frenchman, forced to flee upon conversion to Protestantism John Calvin, a Frenchman, forced to flee upon conversion to Protestantism Agreed with much of Luther’s doctrine Agreed with much of Luther’s doctrine But in addition: But in addition: PredestinationPredestination Missionary mindedMissionary minded Created a powerful theocracy in Geneva Created a powerful theocracy in Geneva

 Anglicanism—English Reformation Political NOT Religious Political NOT Religious Henry VIII had been titled by the Pope “Defender of the Faith” Henry VIII had been titled by the Pope “Defender of the Faith” Henry wanted an annulment Henry wanted an annulment 1 st wife—Catherine of Aragon (Spain) *Mary1 st wife—Catherine of Aragon (Spain) *Mary 2 nd wife—Anne Boleyn *Elizabeth2 nd wife—Anne Boleyn *Elizabeth Etc, (total count 6 wives)Etc, (total count 6 wives) Pope refused (Catherine’s nephew, Charles V, H.R.E. had an army ready to go at Rome) Pope refused (Catherine’s nephew, Charles V, H.R.E. had an army ready to go at Rome) Henry withdrew England from the Catholic Church and Parliament created the Church of England with Henry at its head Henry withdrew England from the Catholic Church and Parliament created the Church of England with Henry at its head

SIDE NOTE:  Edward VI to Mary I to Elizabeth I Edward VI Elizabeth I Mary I

The Church Tree

The Catholic Reformation  Jesuits Absolute obedience to the pope Absolute obedience to the pope Many were missionaries restoring Catholicism in parts of Europe Many were missionaries restoring Catholicism in parts of Europe Stressed education Stressed education  Papal Reform Protestant Reformation jolted the Catholic Church & saw the corruption esp. of the Popes Protestant Reformation jolted the Catholic Church & saw the corruption esp. of the Popes  Council of Trent 1. Both good works and faith necessary for salvation 2. Maintained the 7 sacraments 3. Clerical celibacy 4. Purgatory 5. Indulgences—but could no longer be sold

Results of Religious Upheaval  Emerged many different churches Catholic Catholic Italy, Southern and Eastern Europe, IrelandItaly, Southern and Eastern Europe, Ireland France and Netherlands (with large #s of Protestants)France and Netherlands (with large #s of Protestants) Protestant Protestant Switzerland, northern Germany, England, Scotland, Norway, Denmark, and SwedenSwitzerland, northern Germany, England, Scotland, Norway, Denmark, and Sweden  Education Universities based on humanist teaching Universities based on humanist teaching Reading became important (Bible-study people could find their way to Christian faith) Reading became important (Bible-study people could find their way to Christian faith)  Increased Government Power, decreased Pope’s